Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr Win Naing
GEOTECMINEX Consultants
19 September 2010
The Purpose
1. To fully understand the tasks we are carrying out
Standard Penetration Test: it is a very boring job; it is so simple
any one can do it.
SPT should be carried out
properly so that the result will
approximately reflect the undrained
shear strength of soil and
soft-rocks.
2. To be aware of derived parameters used as engineering design
parameters
SPT N needs to be
corrected (N60 , N1(60)) to obtain derived geotechnical design
parameters
3. To appreciate the basic foundation engineering design methods
ASD: allowable stress design
LRFD: load & resistance factor design
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ASD vs LRFD
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
ASD: Rn/FS Qi
Resistance Effects of Loads
Limitations
Does not adequately account for the variability of loads and
resistance
Does not embody a reasonable measure of strength
Subjective selection of factor of safety
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
LRFD: R = Rn i i Qi = Q
Limitations
Require the availability of statistical data and probabilistic design
algorithms
Resistance factors vary with design methods
Require the change in design procedure from ASD
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Explanation
Where
Rn = nominal strength (e. g., ultimate bearing capacity)
Qi = nominal load effect
FS = factor of safety
Rn = nominal resistance
= statistically-based resistance factor
i = load modifier to account for ductility, redundancy and
operational importance
i = statistically-based load factor
Qi = load effect.
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Anvil
63.5-kg Drop
Hammer
Repeatedly
Falling 0.76 m
Rotary-drilled
Borehole
Split-Barrel
(Drive) Sampler:
O.D. = 50 mm
I.D. = 35 mm
L = 760 mm
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0.5
+ 22.3
fine sand
medium sand
= 53.881-27.6034. e-0.0147N
Where,
N = average SPT value of strata (soil layer)
Peck, R. et al., 1974. Foundation Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York
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SPT-N
k (kN/m3)
2.67E-6
10
4.08E-6
15
7.38E-6
20
9.74E-6
30
1.45E-5
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All these empirical formulas for the allowable end bearing capacity
were proposed by different researchers and practitioners
assuming a factor of safety of 2.5.
All uncertainty is embedded in the factor of safety (FS).
These formula gears towards ASD, for it predicts the allowable soil
and
rock resistances using the SPT blow count (N) alone.
Allowable stress design (ASD) treats each load on a structure with
equal statistical variability.
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Allowable
bearing pressure
for footing of
settlement
limited to 25
mm
(Bowles, 1982)
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SPT-N corrections
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CR = rod length correlation, <3m (0.75); 3 4m, 0.8, 4-6m, 0.85; 6-10m, 0.95;
10-30m, 1.0)(i.e., adjustment for weight of rods)
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qult= (qNq)+(0.5BN)
where:
q = the overburden stress at foundation level (Df).
Nq = e
[.tan)]
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N1(60)
Peck, 1974
Allowable bearing capacity using N1(60)
qa =10.6N1(60)
N1(60)=Cn.N60
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Equation
B=1m B=1.5m
Burland and
Burbidge, 1985
228
168
B=2m
B=2.5m
B=3m
216
182
159
(25mm settlement)
Bowles/Meyerhof,
1976
259
195
201
200
208
(25mm settlement)
Parry, 1977
Df>B
(25mm settlement)
Terzaghi
(Ultimate)
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652
677
703
728
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q = c x N (MN/m 2)
q = 20.88 x c x N (ksf)
q = end bearing capacity of the pile
Total end bearing = q x area (d2/4)
N = SPT-N value (per 30.48cm)
c = 0.45 for pure sand
c =0.35 for silty sand
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q = C . N MN/m2
C = 0.20
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q = C . N MN/m2
q = end bearing capacity
C = 0.15
N = SPT value at pile tip
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Unit Ultimate
Bearing Capacity
of piles
Example using
NovoSPT
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Liquefaction
Sandy and silty soils have tendency to lose strength
and turn into a liquid-like state during earthquakes.
This is due to increase in pore pressure in the soil
caused by seismic waves.
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33
Yangon west
Unconsolidated
Sediments
34
35
36
37
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N1,60cs
39
Hledan
Kamayut site
SPTN1(60
Dr, %
Vs
Vs
m/sec
(30)
(Vs1sc)
(averag
e)
HLD BH-02
< 50
189
160
(138)
13.0
10.0 23.0 m
HLD BH-06
< 45
178
150
(132)
17.0
8.0 25.0 m
SPTN1(60
Dr, %
Vs
Vs
m/sec
Thicknes
s, m
LQF zone*
(30)
(Vs1sc)
(site category E)
)
(averag
e)
(0.3g,
M7.5)
BSP BH-04
11
>50
230
185
(160)
20
8-28
BSP BH-08
10
> 55
213
220
(157)
8.5-13.5
40
Thickness of penetrated surface layer is about 6.0m (after Obermeier et al., 2005) at
both sites at 0.3g.
41
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piezocones
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GEOTECH AB
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Details of
a
piezocon
e
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CPT Profiles
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Detail interpretation
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Soil Behavior Type (Robertson et al., 1986; Robertson & Campanella, 1988)
1 Sensitive fine grained 5 Clayey silt to silty clay 9 sand
2 Organic material
6 Sandy silt to silty sand 10 Gravelly sand to sand
3 Clay
7 Silty sand to sandy silt 11 Very stiff fine grained*
4 Silty clay to clay
8 Sand to silty sand
12 Sand to clayey sand*
*Note: Overconsolidated or cemented
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SBT
at Marina
South
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SBT Marina
south
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Marina south
soil profile
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Changi
East
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Changi east
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Changi East
soil profile
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N60 = (qt/pa)/[8.5(1-Ic/4.6)]
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SPT-CPT Correlations
Mean grain size (D 50 ),
mm
Qc /N
Clay
0.001
1.0
Silty Clay
0.005
1.7
Clayey Silt
0.01
2.1
Sandy Clay
0.05
3.0
Silty Sand
0.01
4.0
0.5
1.0
5.7
7.0
Soil type
Sand
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Important references
Meyerhof, G. G. 1976. Bearing Capacity and settlement of pile foundations,
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering GT3: 195-228.
Robertson, P. K., Campanella, R. G., Gillespie, D. and Grieg, J. (1986), Use of
piezometers cone data. Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference In Situ
86: Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA
Kulhawy, F. H., and Mayne, P. W., (1990), Manual for estimating soil
properties for foundation design., Report EL -6800, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA.
Lunne, T., Robertson, P. K. and Powell, J. J. M. 1996. Cone Penetration
Testing In Geotechnical Practice
Mayne, Paul W. 2005. Engineering Design Using the Cone Penetration Test
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