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Axial Capacity

o f S i n g l e Pi l e s

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods
Pile driving formulae
Static load test
Dynamic or Static load test
Static formulae

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods

e.g. Hiley formula (Energy balance)


.
Q= .W.h
F (set + tc / 2)
Ru= working load, W=weight of the
hammer, h= height of the hammer
drop (stroke), F=factor of safety
tc= elastic (temporary) compression
= efficiency

F
Ru

tc

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods
Load
Plunging failure
What is the distribution
of resistance?

Load to specified
contract requirement

Approximate methods
Instrumentation

Static Load Test

What is the
failure load?
Davissons Method
Butler and Hoy
Chins Method
Brinch Hanson
etc. etc.

Deflection

Methods

Rapid alternatives to static testing


Cheaper
Separate dynamic resistance
Correlation

Dynamic and Statnamic


Testing Methods
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Axial Capacity
PUU

Pu = Qb + Qs - W

Qs

Qb

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Chowdhury

Resistance
Qbb = Abb [cbbNcc + Pob
(Nqq-1) + 0.5gBNgg + Pob
]
ob
ob

minus weight of pile, Wp


but Wp Ab.Pob
a n d a s L > > B , 0.5 BN << W p

and for f > 0, N q - 1 N q

Qb

Qb = Ab [cbNc + PobNq]

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Resistance
Due to cohesion or friction
Cohesive component : Qsc = As . . cs
Frictional component : Qsf = As .K Postan

Pos
K.Pos
Qs = Qsc + Qsf = As [ .cs + K Postan ]
Priodeep

Chowdhury

As

Resistance

Qu = Qb + Qs
Qu = Ab [cbNc+PobNq] + As [ .cs+K Potan ]

How do we compute Q u when


shaft resistance along the
pile is varying?
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods
Load

10 - 20% diam
2 - 5mm

Total
Base
Shaft

Mobilization
Settlement

Qu = Ab [cbNc+PobNq] + As [ .cs+K Potan ]


Qu = AbcbNc + As .cs
Undrained

Qu =
=A
Ab [c
[cbN
Nc+P
+PobN
Nq]] +
+A
As [[
.c
.cs+K
+K P
Potan
tan ]
]
Q
u
b
b c
ob q
s
s
o
Qu = Ab PobNq + AsK Postan

Piles
in
Clay
Drained
/ Effective
Q = A P N + A K P tan
u

Qbu = ob
AbcqbNc +s Aso.cs

Clay
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5

Average
Averagecurve
curvefor
forsensitivea
sensitivea
m
arine
m
arineclay
clay

uu
vo 1.0
1.0
vo

Average
Averagecurve
curvefor
forclays
claysof
of
low-m
edium
sensitivity
low-medium sensitivity

0.5
0.5
00

10
10

20
20

Priodeep

30
30 r 40
40
r
aa

50
50

Chowdhury

60
60

300
300

30
30

200
200xx215mm
215mmconrete
conrete
250
250 (Gothenberg)
(Gothenberg)

25
25

200
200

20
20

150
150

15
15

100
100
50
50
00
11

300
300xx150mm
150mmtapered
taperedtimber
timber(Drammen)
(Drammen)
150mm
(8
in)
steel
tube
(San
Francisco)
150mm
(8
in)
steel
tube
(San
Francisco)
300
x
125mm
I-Beam
300 x 125mm I-Beam
(Gothenberg)
(Gothenberg)

55

10
10

50
50 100
100

Time
Timeafter
afterdriving
drivingin
indays
days

Priodeep

Bearing capacity
capacity in
in tons
tons
Bearing

Bearing capacity
capacity in
in kN
kN
Bearing

in Clay

10
10
55

500
500 1000
1000

Chowdhury

Bending capacity
capacity factor
factor NNc
Bending
c

10
10

Nc

99
88
77
66
55
00

11

22

33
L/d
L/dBB

44

55

Compare Skemptons Nc for shallow foundations

Nc Parameter

Nc= 5(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/ B)
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Factor
AUST. PILING CODE, AS159 (1978)
1.0
1.0

50
50
2.0
2.0
Ad
dh
h
e
sio
ion
nfa
fa
ctto
orr
A
e
s
c

1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
00
1000
1000

100
100

150
150

200
200

250
250

Figures
Figuresdenote
denotepenetration
penetrationratio
ratio==
Depth
Depthofofpenetration
penetrationin
inclay
clay
Key:
Pile
diameter
Key:
Pile diameter
49
49
49 49
Steel
Steeltube
tubepiles
piles
49
49
19
19
56
Precast
concrete
56
Precast
concrete
13
13 15
15
piles
piles
17
13
1727
13
39
27
39
Design
curve
for
Design
curve
for
44
33
44 39
33
44
44 39 27
penetration
20
2733
penetrationratio
ratio>>20
33
19
19
17
17

40
38
38 10
10 5540
15
88
15

2000
2000

3000
3000

44
44

35
35

4000
4000

22

Undrained
Undrainedshear
shearstrength
strength(c
(cuu)) lb/ft
lb/ft

5000
5000

Reduction
duction Fa
Factor
ctor,,
Re

Undrained
Undrainedshear
shearstrength
strength(c
(cuu)) kN/m
kN/m22

0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2

00

100
100

200
200

Average
AverageUndrained
UndrainedShear
Shear Strength,
Strength, ccuu,, kPa
kPa

Skemptons recommendations for side resistance


=0.45

for cu <215 kPa

cu =100 kPa for cu>215 kPa


Nc is limited to 9.
A reduction factor is applied to account for likely fissuring
(I.e., Qb = Ab cb Nc)

Priodeep

Chowdhury

disturbance
sampling attempts to establish in-situ
strength values
soil is failed/remoulded by driving or
drilling
pile
installation
causes
substantial
disturbance
bored piles : potential loosening
driven piles : probable densification

Priodeep

Chowdhury

S c a l e e ff e c t s
Laboratory samples or in-situ tests
involve small volumes of soil
Failure of soil around piles involves
much larger soil volumes
If soil is fissured, the sample may not
be representative
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Piles in Sand
Qu = Ab [cbNc+PobNq] + As [ .cs+K Postan ]

Qu = Ab [cbNc+PobNq] + As [ .cs+K Postan ]

Qu = Ab PobNq] + AsK Postan ]


Priodeep

Chowdhury

Stress [Pob]
Qu = Ab PobNq] + AsK Postan ]
Meyerhof Method : Pob = z
Vesic Method : critical depth, zc
for z < zc : Pob = z
for z > zc : Pob = zc
zc/d is a function of after installation
- see graph p. 24

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Critical Depth (z c )

20
20

zzcc //dd

15
15
10
10
55
00
28
28

Priodeep

33
33

38
38

Chowdhury

43
43

Bearing Factor, N q
Qu = Ab PobNq] + AsK Postan ]
Layered soils :
Nq
may
be
re d u c e d
i f Meyerhof : Qb <
penetration
Ab50Nqtan
i nTotal
s u ffiend
c i ebearing
nt.
emay
. g . also
M ebe
y elimited:
rhof
(p 21)

Nq is a function of :

friction angle,

Nq is a function of : In-situ density


Particle properties
Installation procedure
What affects ?
Beware if is pre- or post-installation:
Nq determined from graphs appropriate
to each particular method

Methods
Nq factor (Berezantzevs Method)
If D/B <4
reduce
proportionately
to Terzaghi and
Peck values
For driven piles :
For bored piles :

' = 0.75 '1 +10

1 3

Methods
Qu = Ab PobNq] + AsK Postan ]

Meyerhof Method : Pos = zmid


Vesic Method : critical depth, zc
for zmid < zc : Pob = z
for zmid > zc : Pob = zc
zc/d is a function of after installation
os
- see graph p. 24

Overburden Stress P
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Lateral stress
p a r a m e t e r, K
A function of Ko
normally consolidated or overconsolidated - see Kulhawy
properties manual
see recommendations by Das, Kulhawy (p26)

A function of installation

driven piles (full, partial displacement)


bored piles
augercast piles
screwed piles

Priodeep

Chowdhury

Das (1990) recommends the following values for K / Ko:


Pile Type

K / Ko

Bored or Jetted piles

Low-displacement, driven piles

1 to 1.4

High-displacement, driven piles

1 to 1.8

Kulhawy (1984) makes the following similar recommendations:


Pile Type

K / Ko

Jetted piles

1/2 to 2/3

Drilled shaft, cast-in-place

2/3 to 1

Driven pile, small displacement

3/4 to 5/4

Driven pile, large displacement

1 to 2

Priodeep

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& tan

The K and tand values are


often combined into a single
function
see p 28 for Vesic values
from Poulos and Davis
Priodeep

Chowdhury

A function of
See values by Broms and Kulhawy (p26)
A function of pile material
steel, concrete, timber

A function of pile roughness


precast concrete
Cast-in-place concrete

Pile-soil friction angle,


Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods
Broms (1966) suggests the following
Pile Material

/ '

Steel

Concrete

0.75

Timber

0.66

Kulhawy (1984)
Pile Material

/ '

Typical analogy

Rough concrete

1.0

Cast-in-place

Smooth concrete

0.8 to 1.0

Precast

Rough steel

0.7 to 0.9

Corrugated

Smooth steel

0.5 to 0.7

Coated

Timber

0.8 to 0.9

Pressure-treated

Pile-soil friction angle


Priodeep

Chowdhury

Methods

Driven precast concrete pile


350mm square
Uniform dense sand (= 40o ; = 21kN/m3)
Water table at 1m
Pile length 15m
Check end bearing with Vesic and Meyerhof Methods
Pile is driven on 2m further into a very dense layer
= 44o ; = 21.7 kN/m3
Compute modified capacity using Meyerhof

Example

Methods

Bored pile
900mm diameter
Uniform medium dense sand (= 35o ; = 19.5kN/m3)
Water table at 1m
Pile length 20m
Check shaft capacity with Vesic and Meyerhof Methods
By comparsion, check capacity of 550mm diameter
screwed pile

Example
Priodeep

Chowdhury

Calculation of ultimate lateral resistance (refer


website/handouts for details)
Lateral pile deflection (use use subgrade reaction method,
p-y analysis)
Rock socketed pile (use rocket, Carter et al. 1992
method)

Lateral load on single pile


Priodeep

Chowdhury

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