Contents

 Brief Introduction to the Development of Mobile

Communication

 CDMA Principles Key Technologies Used in CDMA

 IS95A/B Technologies CDMA 1X Technologies

 Networking Principles of CDMA 1X

 Introduction to CDMA 1X Services

 Development Course of Mobile Communication

Generation 1 in Generation 2 in Generation 3

the 1980s the 1990s (digital)
(analog)
GSM UMTS
AMPS
Analog technology

Broadband service
Digital technology
WCDMA

Voice service
CDMA
TACS Driven by IS95 Driven by CDMA
demands 2000
demands
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides customers and operators with complete integrated service solutions

 Multiple Access Technologies
CDMA Time
Code
Based on codes, all users
User3 obtain traffic channels at
the same time and on the
User2
same frequency band, for
User1 example, WCDM and
Frequency CDMA2000
TDMA
Time
User 3 Traffic channels at
User 2 different points of time
are allocated to different
User 1
users, for example,
FDMA DAMPS and GSM
Frequency
Time

User 1 User 2User 3 Traffic channels on

different frequency bands
are allocated to different
Frequency users,for example, AMPS
and TACS
 Objectives of 3G

 Globally universal frequency band and standard, global seamless coverage

 Highly effective spectrum efficiency
 Higher quality of service, security and reliability
 Easy to smoothly develop and transit from 2G, compatible with 2G in a reverse
direction
 Providing multimedia services, with the rate of up to 2Mbps
 Vehicle environment: 144kbps
 Environment for walk: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2Mbps
 New Services of CDMA2000---Data Services

Development orientation of a network

2,000 Video Streaming

Still Imaging
Remote
384 Medical
High-quality
Audio Streaming videoconference Service
144 Sports, news and
weather report on
Text Messaging demand
128 Low-quality videoconference

Voice Mobile TV
64 Image
Electronic
newspaper Video Surveillance,
Voice
Mail JPEG Video Mail, Travel
32 Electronic book Singing room Still Photos E-commerce
Fax E-Mail
9.6
Telephone Data Mobile
(Voice) Radio
0
Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities
IMT-2000 Technical Specification System

CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD mode TDD mode
 Development Course of CDMA

CDMA2000
3X
CDMA 1X 307.2kbps

IS95A IS95A  Heavier voice

115.2kbps service capacity ;
9.6kbps CDMA2000
 Longer period of 1X 1V
standby time
1995 1998
1X 1V-DO
1X 1V-DV
2000
2002

 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

 Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
 Smooth transit to 3G
 Comparison of the Three Modes of 3G

WCDMA cdma2000 TD-SCDMA

Structure of
the receiver RAKE RAKE RAKE

Closed loop
Power control Supported Supported Supported

Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Demodulation Coherent Coherent Coherent

mode demodulation demodulation demodulation
Chip rate(Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28
Mode of transmit TSTD
OTD
diversity STTD No
FBTD STS
Mode of Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
synchronization
Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
Principles of CDMA
 Spreading and Despreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of
spectrum-domain information is spread.

S（f） S（ f）

information
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading

S（f） S（f）
information
Interference noise
information Interference noise

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading

information pulse interference White noise

The Y-coordinate is energy density.

 Common Technical Terms

 Bit, Symbol, Chip

 A bit is the input data which contain information
 A symbol is the output of the convolutional
 encoder, the repetition and the block interleaving.
 A chip is the output of spreading.
 Processing Gain
 Processing gain is the ratio of a spreading rate to a data rate.
 The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
 Forward: the direction from a base station to a mobile station
 Reverse: the direction from a mobile station to a base station
 CDMA System Model

Information stream

Radio
Source Interleaving
Interleaving Scrambling Modulation frequency
coding Spreading
transmitting

deinterleaving
deinterleaving Radio
Source Unscrambling Despreading Demodulation frequency
decoding receive

Information stream
 Source Coding

 Vocoder:

8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
 Characteristics

Support voice activity

In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35% and the
base station will reduce its transmission power to increase
the system capacity.
 Channel Encoding

Convolutional code or TURBO code is used while a channel

is encoded
Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency=the input bits number / the output
symbols number.

Convolutional encoder
 Interleaving

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 5
5 2 5
3 5
4 5 5
6 5
7 5
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

The direction of the data stream

 m-sequences

0 0 1

1 1 0

Out

 The two parts concerned are as follows:

 The maximum sequence of the shifting register
 The mask
 The output sequence period is 2N-1 bits
 The sequence offset in time would change when
 the masks are changed
 Long Code

 The long code is a PN sequence with a period of 242-1chips

 Autocorrelation: Two binary m-sequences with different time shifting
have -1/N correlation.

 The functions of a long code:

 Scrambling the forward CDMA channel

 Controlling the insertion of a power control bit.

 Spreading on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the mobile

stations.
 Short Code

PNc
PNb
PNa

 The short code is a binary M-sequence with the period of 215

chips.
 An all-zero case is added to M-sequences.
 The CDMA system applies the time offset of short PN code
to distinguish between sectors.

 The minimum PN sequence offset is 64 chips, that is to say, 512

PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215 /64=512).
 Walsh Code

Wn Wn W1=0 0 0 0 0
Walsh code W2n= 0 1 0 1
Wn Wn 0 0 W 4=
W2= 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0

The 64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading

function and the Walsh codes are orthogonal codes.

 Spreading

6symbol wi64
Walsh function of order 64 64×64
i =(D5D4D3D2D1D0)2
matrix 0101…..01

 The forward channel is channelized by a Walsh code and the reverse

channel by a long code.
 In the reverse, every 6 bits from the encoder output corresponds to one
Walsh code.That is to say, every 6 symbols are spread into 64 chips.
 In the forward, each bit from the encoder output corresponds to a Walsh
code.That is to say,each symbol is spread into 64 chips.
 Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps

I I(t)
Baseband filter

Cos(2pfct) s(t)
A
Q Baseband filter

Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps

.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system

After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted
into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.
The Key Technology Used in CDMA

 Power Control
 Handoff
 Diversity and RAKE
 Voice Encoding and Voice Activity
 Multiple Access Technology
 Kinds of Power Control

 Reverse power control  Forward power control

 Open loop power control  Closed loop power control
 Closed loop power control  Message transmission mode:
• Inner loop power control: 800 Hz • The threshold transmission mode.
• Outer loop power control • The periodic transmission mode.
 Reverse Open Loop Power Control

• The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined

by the following factors:
 Distance from the base station
 Load of the cell

 Circumstance of the code channels

• The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its

received power.

receiving power

transmission power
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

 Inner loop power control

 The base station compares the measured Eb/Nt with the corresponding
objective and the mobile station will be ordered to decrease the
transmission power if the measured Eb/Nt exceeds the objective.
Otherwise, the mobile station will be ordered to increase the transmission
power. The adjustment frequency is 800HZ.

 Outer loop power control

 Estimate Eb/Nt objective based on the measured Frame Error Rate(FER)

Power Control MeasuredEb/ Nt

Commands Vs.
Eb/ NtSetpoint

Base Station
Makes a
Mobile Transmit Comparison
 Forward Power Control

 The mobile station measures the frame quality and informs

the base station of the result in the threshold or periodical
mode. And the base station determines whether to adjust the
forward power control .

 In IS-95 system, the forward power control is a slow-rate

power control method but used in CDMA2000 system is a
quick forward power control method.
 Types of CDMA Handoff


Soft handoff
A multi-cells handoff, in which the mobile station keeps connecting with the
previous base station. Soft handoff enhances the voice quality and decreases the
possibility of call dropping.

Softer handoff
Just like the soft handoff, the softer handoff takes place among the multi-sectors in
the same base station.

Hard handoff
In the course of handoff, the mobile station will be disconnected from the previous
base station before connecting with the next base station. And this kind of handoff
is characterized by a temporary disconnection of the traffic channel and includes
Frequency change hard handoff
Intersystem hard handoff
 Soft Handoff/Softer Handoff

• Multi-path combination in the

BSC during soft handoff

•• Multi-path combination in the

BTS during softer handoffs

Power received from

a single cell

Combine all the

power from each cell
 The Process of Handoff （ A ）

 Pilot set
The set with the same frequency but a different PN sequence phase.
 Active set
The pilot set corresponding to the base station being connected.
 Candidate set
The pilot set not included in the active set but having enough forward
traffic channel strength to be demodulated.
 Neighbor set
The pilot not included in the active set or the candidate set but being
possible to be added into the candidate set.
 Remaining set
Other pilot sets.
 The Process of Handoff (B)

T_ADD
T_DROP

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

time
Neighbor Candidate Active Set Neighbor
set set set

 The pilot strength exceeds T_ADD, and the mobile station adds the pilot to candidate set
and reports the result to the base station.
 The base station orders the mobile station to move the pilot to the active set.
 The pilot strength is less than T_DROP and the mobile station triggers the T_DROP timer.
 The T_DROP expired and the mobile station reports the result to the base station.
 The base station orders the mobile station to remove the pilot from active set.
 Transmit Diversity

 Time diversity
 Block interleaving, error-correcting.
 Frequency diversity
 The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ
bandwidth.
 Space diversity
 The introduction of twin receive antennas .
 The RAKE Receivers of the mobile station and the base station can
combine the signals of different time delay.
 During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base stations and
searches for the strongest frame.
 The Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3

Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

The RAKE technology can overcome the multi-path fading and enhance
the receive performance of the system.
 IS95A Technologies

 Modulation Mode of IS95A

Main Content  IS95A System Time

 Channels of IS95A
 Modulation

 The forward channel modulated by means of QPSK and the

reverse channel by means of OQPSK can reduce the fluctuation
range of modulated signals.
 Decreasing the ratio of peak- to-average of the output power and
linear requirements for power amplification of a mobile station.

QPSK

OQPSK
 IS95 System Time

 System zero hour: defining 0: 00 of January 6th, 1980 as the system start time.
The long codes and short codes with the zero offset are in initial status at this
time.
 In all base stations, each even second start time (or the integer multiple 80ms
after this) of GPS time is used as the initial status of 0 offset PN code (the period
being 80/3 ms). That is to say, a chip sequence with one “1” and 15 consecutive
“0” is output right before this.
 In all base stations, 0: 00 of January 6th, 1980 (GPS start time) must be used as
the initial status of the long codes of M-sequence (a chip sequence with one “1”
and 41 consecutive “0” is output right before this).
 Advantages of GPS timing: fast handoff, simple synchronization.
 Types of Channel inIS-95A

 Forward channel
 Forward Pilot Channel
 Forward Sync Channel
 Forward Paging Channel
 Forward Traffic Channel(including power control subchannel)
 Reverse channel
 Access Channel
 Reverse Traffic Channel
 The Initialization of the Mobile
Station

 Search for the CDMA carrier, acquire the pilot channel and synchronize the
short code.

 Receive the synchronous channel message containing the LC_STATE,

SYS_TIME, P_RAT.

 Acquire timing and synchronize with the system.

 Monitor the paging channel and receive the system message.

 The mobile station can register and be taken as the calling party or called party.
 IS-95A Channel Review

Function Forward link Reverse link

Error-correcting encoding 1/2 rate 1/3 rate

Walsh code Channelization 64-array demodulation

Long code spreading Scrambling Channelization

Short code spreading Identify the sector OQPSK Modulation

Decrease the Discontinuous

Symbol repetition transmission power of transmission with the
the repetition symbols data burst randomizer
No pilot channel,
Pilot channel Coherent receive
discoherent receive
Support Multi-channels No Multi-channels
Modulation mode transmission and transmitting, adoption of
QPSK modulation OQPSK modulation
 IS-95A Technology Review

 Chips rate: 1.2288 Mcps

 Modulation:
 Forward: QPSK
 Reverse: OQPSK
 Channel encoding: Convolutional encoding
 Power control
 Forward: A slow power control based message transmission.
 Reverse: Open loop power control;
 Quick reverse closed loop power control (up to 800Hz)
 Handoffs: Soft handoff/softer handoff, hard handoff.
 Hard Handoff Aided by the Mobile
Station
CFSRQM CFSCNM GHDM (HHO)
(Search Parameters) (Search Order)
CFSRSM CFSRPM
(Acceptance) (Report)
F2(candidate)

F1(serving)

 The mobile station is working in carrier F1. In the process of MAHHO, the base station
sends CFSRQM message containing the candidate carriers.
 The mobile station answers a CFSRSM message for confirmation .
 The base station sends an FSCNM message to order the mobile station to search the carrier
F2 according to the scheme. The mobile station disconnects from the carrier F1 before it
connects with carrier F2.
 The mobile station informs the base station of the research result.
 The base station sends a GHDM message to order the base station to complete the handoff.
CDMA 1X Technologies
 Overview of CDMA 1X

Channel bandwidth: 1.23MHz

Maximum rate
supported:307.2kbps

Voice code: 8K/13K

Completely compatible IS-95A/B
QCELP 8K EVRC
Adding multiple channels to
improve the system performance

Power control: Cdma Channel code:

Convolutional code
forward/reverse
power control 20001X and TURBO code

Forward transmit Modulation mode

diversity mode: Reverse HPSK:
OTD, STS Forward QPSK
Demodulation
mode: pilot-aided
coherent
demodulation
 Turbo Code

 Use a Turbo code during the transmission of a large data packet.

 Characteristics of the Turbo code:

 The input information shall be encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.

 The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check

 bits, but by the other check bits.

 The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolutional code.

 Walsh Code

The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates

W08 =00000000
( W016 ,W816)
W04 =0000
64 W48 =00001111
W02 =00 ( W416 ,W1216 )
W28 =00110011
( W216 ,W1416 )

W68 =00111100
W01 =0 W24 =0011 ( W616 ,W1416 )
32 W18 =01010101
W14 =0101 ( W116,W916 )

W58 =01011010
16 ( W516 ,W1316 )
8 W38 =01100110
4
W12 =01 ( W316 ,W1116 )
2
1

9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78 =01101001

W34 =0110 ( W716,W1516 )

Data rate -bps-

 Reverse HPSK Modulation

 The CDMA 1X adopts forward QPSK modulation like the IS-95

system, but adopts HPSK modulation in the reverse.

 HPSK ( Hybrid PSK ), namely, OCQPSK ( Orthogonal Complex

QPSK ). The functions are as follows:

 Reduce the linear requirement for the power amplification of

a mobile station.
 Transmission Diversity

 The forward transmission diversity types of CDMA2000 1X

 TD(Transmit Diversity)

• OTD(Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)

• The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread by the
orthogonal code sequence.

• STS(Space Time Spreading)

• All the forward code channels are transmitted on the multi-antennas.

• Spread with the supplementarity Walsh code or with pseudo-

randomization code.
 Non-TD
 Transmission Diversity

Data stream 1 Antenna 1 Restoring data stream

Path 1
Data stream

Transmission
diversity
processing
Path 2

Antenna 2
Data stream 2

OTD/STS

The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of a terminal.

 Power Control

 Reverse
 Reverse open loop power control
 Reverse closed loop power control
• Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
• Outer loop power control.
 Forward
 Forward closed loop power control
• The message report mode:
• (1) Periodic mode;
• (2) Threshold mode;
• EIB mode: 50 Hz
• Quick power control: 800 Hz
 Power Control

 As compared with the IS-95 system, CDMA 1X has forward quick

power control.

During the communication of the mobile station, the mobile station

measures the Eb/Nt value of the received forward traffic channels,
compares them with the threshold and orders the base station to
increase or decrease the transmission power to keep constant the
traffic channel Eb/Nt of whole-rate services.
 Power Control

Pilot (all '0's)

MUX A
Power Control Bit

Power
Pilot Control

384?N Chips

1 Power Control Group

= 1536 N PN Chips

N is the Spreading Rate number

 Time Division Multiplexing between power control channel and reverse pilot channel.
 The transmission rate of power control bits: 800bit/s
 Types of CDMA1X Forward Channel

Forward cdma2000 channel

F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH F-SYNCH F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH

F-PICH F-TDPICH F-APICH F-ATDPICH

F-PC F-SCCH F-SCH

F-DCCH F-FCH
subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)
 Types of CDMA1X Forward channel

The CDMA physical channels are classified as common channels and dedicated
channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)
Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC)
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH) These channels are compatible
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH) with IS-95 system
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH) These channels are newly
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH) defined in CDMA 1X system.
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)

Dedicated physical channel:

Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)

These channels are used to establish the service connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA 1X system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of channels
can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.
 Forward Common Channels

 Three new types of forward common channels are introduced into CDMA 1X to
substitute for F-PCH:
 F-BCCH(Forward Broadcast Control Channel)
 F-QPCH (Forward Quick Paging Channel
 F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel)

These channels are utilized to transmit messages from the base station to the mobile
station, such as a paging message. Some of the functions are identical to those of the
paging channel, but they are characteristic of a higher data rate and higher reliability.

 The new types of pilot channels are introduced to support the new features of CDMA 1X:
 F-TDPICH (Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)
 F-APICH(Forward Auxiliary Pilot Channel)
 F-ATDPICH (Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel )
Forward Broadcast Control Channel

 Characteristics:

 The F-BCCH is utilized by the base station to transmit the overhead

information which is transmitted on F-PCH in IS-95 system and
broadcast information. The F-BCCH can work in the discontinuous
mode. And it can be transmitted repeatedly while working in a slow
transmit data rate. This reduces the transmit power.

 Function:

 With F-BCCH transmitted repeatedly, a mobile station achieves the

time diversity gain by combining the repeated information. Thus, the
base station can enhance the overall capacity of forward channels by
reducing the transmission power .
 Quick Paging Channel

 Characteristics:
 A quick paging channel is an OOK-modulated signal which can be
demodulated by a mobile station simply and rapidly. The channel
adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each such timeslot can be divided
into paging indicators, configuration change indicators and broadcast
indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the mobile station
whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or system
parameters in the next F-CCCH or F-PCH.
 Function:
 Rapid and simple demodulation makes it unnecessary for the mobile
station to monitor F-PCH for a long time, so the standby time is
prolonged.
 Forward Pilot Channel

 Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)

 Pilot channel messages are transmitted to all the mobile stations within the
coverage of the base station at all times.
 Provide channel gains and phase estimation.
 Detect multi-path signals
 Capture the cell forward channel and handoff
 Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel (F-TDPICH)
 Support transmit diversity and work together with F-PICH.
 Forward Auxiliary Pilot Channel (F-APICH), Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot
Channel (F-ATDPICH)
 Beam shaping
 Supporting the application of a smart antenna
 Forward Traffic Channel

 Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH)

 Including 20ms frame and 5ms frame, the former applied to voice service and the latter
applied to control signaling.
 Transmitted at the variable rates.
 Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)
 Used for the high-rate data transmission.
 The base station specifies the data transmission rate, so any rate detection is unnecessary.
 Support the combination of multiple supplemental traffic channels to complete different
services.
 Support the transmission of high-rate circuit data and packet data.
 Set the FER value independently according to the service demand and system resource state.
 Support the data burst mode.
 Dedicated Channel

 Forward Dedicated Channel (F-DCCH)

 F-DCCH is used for the transmission of specific user signaling
information during a call.
 Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
 Support 5ms frame.
 Support discontinuous transmission.
 Forward Radio Configuration(RC)

Radio SpreadingMax Data Rate*Effective FEC OTD

Configuration FEC Encoding Modulation
Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv BPSK
2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
4 1 307.2 1/2 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
5 1 230.4 3/8 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
6 3 307.2 1/6 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
7 3 614.4 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK

Radio Configuration(RC):
The working modes of a series of Forward Traffic Channel and Reverse Traffic Channel.
Each RC supports a set of data rate and the difference between different RCs lies in various
physical channel parameters such as transmission rates, modulation characteristics and
spreading rates.
Spreading Rate:
Equivalent to chips rate, namely, 1.2288Mcps.
Types of Reverse Code Channel

Reverse cdma2000 channel

R-TCH R-TCH
R-EACH R-CCCH
R-ACH operation operation
operation operation
(RC1~2) (RC3~6)

R-FCH R-PICH R-PICH R-PICH

0~7 0~1
R-EACH R-CCCH
R-SCCH R-DCCH

0~1
R-FCH

0~2
R-SCH

R-PC
subchannel
 Types of Reverse Channel

Reverse channel includes reverse common channel and

reverse dedicated channel.

 Reverse common channel:

 Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
 Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
 Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
 Reverse Dedicated Channel
 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
 Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Code Channel(R-SCCHT)
 Reverse Pilot Channel

Pilot( all '0's)

Reverse Pilot Channel
MUX A
Power Control Bit

 The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

Initial capture Power
 Pilot
Control
 Tracing
384 NPN Chips
 Reverse Coherent Demodulation
 Power Control Measurement Power Control Group
= 1536 NPN Chips
 The base station enhances the receive performance
and increases the capacity by means of coherent N is the Spreading Rate number
demodulation of the reverse pilot channel.
 Other Types of Reverse Channels

 Fundamental Channel:
 The Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user
information to the base station during a call, and can be used to transmit
defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic Channel.
 Dedicated Control Channel
 The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of user and
signaling information to a base station during a call.
 Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
 These channels are used for the transmission of user information, mainly
data services, to the mobile station during a call. The Reverse Traffic
Channel contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven
supplemental code channels.
Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)

Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC EncodingModulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/3 No Conv 64-ary ortho
2** 1 14.4 1/2 No Conv 64-ary ortho
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(307.2) (1/2)
4 1 230.4 3.8 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
5 3 153.6 1/4 Yes BPSK
Conv or Turbo
(614.4) (1/3)
6 3 460.8 1/4 Yes BPSK
Conv or Turbo
(1036.8) (1/2)

 RC:Radio Configuration
 RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
 RC3~RC4:cdma2000 1X
 RC5~RC6: cdma2000 3x
 RC Combination Regulation

F-FCH RCs R-FCH RCs

 RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively to rate
set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B system. RC 1 RC 1

RC 2 RC 2
 CDMA 1X Forward RC: RC1~RC5
RC 3
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4 RC 3
RC 4
 Combination regulation: RC 5 RC 4

 Forward RC1, Reverse RC1

F-DCCH/SCH RCs R-DCCH/SCH RCs
 Forward RC2, Reverse RC2
RC 3
RC 3
 Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC1 RC 4

 Forward RC5, Reverse RC4 RC 5 RC 4

 Reference Model of a CDMA Network

T9 Di
EIR IP HLR IP ISDN

F T3 T2 T5
T8 T1
MSC SCP SCP SSP PSTN

E Ai

MS Um A Di
BS MSC ISDN

Ai
C B
H D
Q AC HLR VLR

N G

SME SME MC MC VLR

M M M
 CDMA Interface Standards

MC/VM Mobile Customer Service Center

PSTN/ISDN
Other MSCs IS-41
SS7 SS7
IS-41

SDH SS7
Other PLMNs
BSC MSC/SSP/VLR GMSC/SSP
IOS4.0 TCP/IP

IS95---- BTS IS-41

CDMA2000 OMC IS-41
INTERNET
MS SCP

IS-41
BTS
HLR/AC STP

MSC: Mobile-service Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller

MC: Short Message Center HLR: Home Location Register
BTS: Base Transceiver Station VM: Voice Mailbox
VLR: Visitor Location Register OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center
AC: Authentication Center SCP: Service Control Point
 CDMA2000 Network Interface

BSSAP
MSC/VLR GMSC
SCCP
MTP
Physical
PSTN
layer
A1/A2
HLR/AuC

BSS SS7 SCP

A10/A11

PDSN HA
A11 A10
signaling service IP
UDP GRE backbon
GPRS IP骨干网
IP IP
e
network
Link layer Link layer
Physical Physical
layer layer

CN
 New Services of CDMA2000---Locating
Services
3GPP2 uses the following 3 locating technology standards:

 GPS-aided measurement
 Accuracy: suburbs---10m. City zone---30~70m.
Indoor --unable to locate
 Response time: 3~10s
 Measurement of base station pilot phase
 Accuracy: 50~200m
 Response time: 3~6s
 Locating of a cell ID
 Accuracy: depends on the size of a cell
 Response time: within 3s
New Services of CDMA2000---Locating Services

110! Bandit!

 The system transfers to the nearest alarm processing center based on

the location information of the user reporting an alarm.

 An alarm button can be set on a user’s mobile phone to achieve the goal
of reporting an alarm without any conversation.
 New Services of CDMA2000---Equal Access of Toll Calls

HLR
CDMA/
PSTN INTERNET

Toll route after

Original toll route MSC/GMSC subscription

Operators who subscribe

for toll services

 Help mobile operators to absorb large quantities of toll services

 Users subscribe to select toll operators to ensure quality of service.

 Enable users to save toll call charge (premium strategy) Users who subscribe for
 Make an IP toll call without dialing a preamble toll services
Numbering Plan of CDMA System---Definition of Mobile Areas

Service area

PLMN area

MSC area

Location area
Base station
area

Cell
Numbering Plan of CDMA System

In a CDMA system, the following codes are defined to

identify a user and his location:

 MIN/IMSI
 MDN
 ESN
 TLDN
 SID/NID
 LAI
 GCI
 SIN
 SSN
Numbering Plan of CDMA System---MIN/IMSI

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI

IMSI

Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001
Numbering Plan of CDMA System--MDN

CC + MAC + H 0H 1H 2H 3 + ABCD

International mobile subscriber DN

National valid mobile subscriber number

Mobile directory number

For example, 8613307550001
Numbering Plan of CDMA System--ESN

Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify the only piece

of mobile station equipment and each bimodal mobile station is
allocated with the only ESN. An ESN includes 32 bits and has
the following structure:

31......24 23......18 17......0 bit

Manufacturer’s number retained equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
 Numbering Plan of CDMA System --TLDN

CC + MAC + 44 + H 0H 1H 2 + ABC

Temporary local directory number

For example, 8613344755001

Numbering Plan of CDMA System--SID/NID

MSCID (Exchange Identity)

= System Identity (SID) + Exchange number (SWIN)

is used to represent a certain piece of equipment in

an NSS network. For example,

Unicom CDMA Shenzhen MSC is labeled as 3755+01

Numbering Plan of CDMA System--
LAI
Location Area Identity

 PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which depends on
traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.
 Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
 MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.
 MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of Unicom is
03.
 LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code. 0000
cannot be used with FFFE.
 For example, 460030100
Numbering Plan of CDMA System--
GCI
Global Cell Identity
 The only identity of a cell in PLMN
 Format: LAI+CI
 GCI is the only identity of all cells in CDMA PLMN and is made up of an
LAI plus a Cell Identity (CI).
 CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code, to be specified by
the operation department. The first 3 digits and the last digit represent
respectively the base station number and the sector number. For an
omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
 For example, 4600301001230 (No.123 base station at a certain place is an
omni-directional site)
Numbering Plan of CDMA System--
SIN
Sender Identification Number

MSC number

The MSC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 + H0H1H2H3 +

1000.

HLR number

The HLR number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 + H0H1H2H3 +

0000.

SMC number

The SMC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 + H0H1H2H3 +

2000.

SCP number

The SCP number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 + H0H1H2H3 +

3000.
Numbering Plan of CDMA System--
SSN
Sub-System Number

 SSN of MSC: 8
 SSN of VLR: 7
 SSN of HLR: 6
 SSN of AC: 10
 SSN of SMC: EE
 SSN of SCP: EF
 SSN of A interface: FE/FC
 SSN of SCCP management: 1
 CDMA 1X Technology Review

 Chips rate: 1.2288Mcps

 IS-95A/B is a subset, RC1/RC2

 Apply the coherent demodulation to the reverse pilot channel

 Forward transmit diversity: OTD and STS

 Forward quick power control at 800HZ rate

 Improve the standby time by introducing the quick paging channel.

 Variable frames: 5ms, 20ms, 40ms and 80ms

 Introduce TURBO code into channel encoding

 The maximum rate of a physical layer is up to 307.2K

Thanks!