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Adaptive Modulation
Reduction of Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio
Channel estimation
OFDM in frequency selective
fading channel
Puja Thakral
Gupta
Silvija Kokalj-Filipovic
Youngsik Lim
Sadhana
OUTLINE
Introduction to OFDM
Adaptive Modulation
Reduction of Peak-to-Power Average Ratio
OFDM in Frequency Selective Fading
Channel
Channel Estimation
Conclusions
OFDM SYSTEM
Baseband Transmitter
Adaptive Modulation
In OFDM ,adaptive bit loading algorithms
set the modulation level in each
frequency band such that a predefined
total number of bits are transmitted with
minimum power.Adaptive Modulation
independently optimizes the modulation
scheme to each sub carrier so that
spectral efficiency is maximized,while
maintaining a target Bit Error Rate(BER).
S/P
MODULATOR 2
DEMODULATOR 1
IFFT
FREQUENCY
SELECTIVE
CHANNEL
MODULATOR N
FFT
DEMODULATOR 2
DEMODULATOR N
CHANNEL
ESTIMATION
ADAPTIVE
BIT AND POWER
ALLOCATION
P/S
Various Algorithms in
Adaptive Modulation
For a given target BER and bit-rate, the
ALGORITHM
Compute the subchannel signal to noise
ratios.
Compute the number of bits for the ith
subchannel based on the formula,
b`(i)=log2(1+SNR(i))
Round the value of b`(i) down to b(i).
Restrict b(i) to take the values 0,1,2,4,6,8
Compute the energy for the ith subchannel
based on the number of bits initially assigned
to it using the formula e(b(i))=(2^b(i)-1)/SNR
RESULTS
FUTURE WORK
Feasibility study of MIMO OFDM
systems
Simulation of MIMO OFDM system
with adaptive modulation and
multilevel transmit power control.
Silv
ija K
oka
lj-F
ilipo
vic
Summary
Goal: reducing maximum output power
Stochastic Structure
In accordance with CLT, when large number of
|| u ||
CF (u )
|| u || 2
1
2
|| u || 2
o u (t ) dt
T
1/ 2
Effects of PAPR
The power amplifiers at the transmitter need to have a large
Classification of
PAR reduction methods
sequences)
CLIP EFFECT TRANSFORMATION
PROBABILISTIC TECHNIQUES:
u (t ) cos(2kf 0t k 1), f 0 1 / T
k 1
k 1
where
u (t ) Re e
j 2 t / T
k 1
N 1
s e
k 1
j 2 kt / T
Ree
j 2 t / T
S (t )
sk
Choosing
sk
Proof:
C x ( z ) xi xi* z
i 0
S x ( f ) xi e
i 0
j 2 f iTs
| S( f ) |
x
i
C (o)
C a ( z ) Cb ( z ) 0 , z 0
b of the length N
2 N , z o
i z
i 0
i 0
a ; a
Information-bearing sequence
j
is
|
S
(
t
)
|
n
Instantaneous
Envelope Power
a
a
i
u 0 i
i, j
C (u )
u 0
Huft
i u
n 1
n | Ca (u ) | *1 n 2 (n u ) n
u 0
u 1
Pa (t ) Pb (t ) 2n
Pa (t ) 2n
Example of RM generator
matrix
m = 5:
X0:
X1:
X2:
X3:
X4:
X5:
11111111111111111111111111111111
00000000000000001111111111111111
00000000111111110000000011111111
00001111000011110000111100001111
00110011001100110011001100110011
01010101010101010101010101010101
2
where
h 1
m 1
x
k 1
(k )
x ( k 1)
Simulatio
n
Problem Description
x(t )
u (n)h(t nT ) (t )
s
u (n)
Pulse Shaping
Tx
Channel
ch
rc
(t )
x(t )
x(n)
Receive Filter
Rx
t=nTs
h(t ) Tx (t ) ch (t ) Rx (t )
(n)
(n)
u (n)
h(n)
x(n)
U (i )
H0+H1z
-1
X (i )
(*) Z. Wang, G.B. Giannakis, Wireless Multicarrier Communications. IEEE 2000 Signal Processing Magazine
Dispersive in time,
Static over block interval
Selective in frequency
0
Ts
2Ts
3Ts
4Ts
5Ts
6Ts
7Ts
8Ts
9Ts
10Ts
time
hi N (0, 12 k2 ) jN (0, 12 k2 )
k2 02 e kT
02 1 e T
/ TRMS
/ TRMS
x0 hLu L hL 1u L 1 h0u0 0
L
xk hnu k n
n0
x1 hLu L 1 hL 1u L 2 h0u1 1
xL hL u0 hL 1u1 h0u L L
x N 1 hL u L hL 1u L 1 h0u N 1 N 1
hL
X HU , H
hL 1 h0
hL
hL 1 h0
0
0
0
0
0
hL hL 1 h0
h0
H 0 hL
h0
hL h0
N+L
Memory
from the
past
block
0 hL
0
H1 0
0 0
h1
hL
Tcp
H0+H1z-1
X (i ) H (i )U (i ) (i )
Rcp
h0
H (i ) hL
hL
h0
h1
hL
hL h0
F H F 1 diag[ H (e j 0 ), H (e j 2 / N ), , H (e j 2 ( N 1) / N )]
Fk ,n N 1/ 2 exp( j 2kn / N )
L
Input
bits
S/P
.
.
.
(i )
Mapping
.
.
.
IFFT
U (i )
.
.
.
FFT
.
.
.
Demapping
.
.
.
P/S
X (i ) H (i )U (i ) (i )
F X (i ) F H (i )U (i ) (i ) F H (i ) F 1S (i ) F (i ) S (i ) F (i )
Output
bits
Simulation configuration
Perfect channel estimation , QPSK, Fixed sub-channel power
Zero Forcing equalization
64 sub-carriers
Simulation Results
Guard
Bit
mapping
IFFT
Random
bits
Channel
FFT
compensation
Bits
Symbolto-bit
mapping
Pilot extraction
Channel
estimation and
interpolation
insertion
Guard
extraction
Multipath
channel
model
Tapped
delay line
H(n)
AWGN
Ts
Time
Channel Estimate:
He = Yp/Xp k = 0,1,2,3
Interpolation techniques:
1. Linear based on responses of 2 neighbouring pilots placed at p1 and p2
He(k) = (Hp(m+1) Hp(m)) *l/L + Hp(m)
p1<k<p2, l = k-p1
-21
-7
Subcarrier
numbers -31 to 32
21
L=
14
22
21
14
43
57
64
Subcarrier
numbers 1 to 64
Constellation in AWGN
1. Linear interpolation
SNR = 35db
Conclusions and
future work:
Low pass filtering interpolation shows best performance among evaluated
interpolation methods as reported in literature, especially for larger values of
Trms.
Future work:
Evaluation of performance of differential modulation
Evaluation with Doppler frequency shift
Primary Reference:
Channel Estimation Techniques based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM
Systems
Coleri, et al, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, p223