Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Blood Pressure
Created by pressure of blood against
inner wall of vessels
= resistance to flow
Pressure moves from higher to lower
areas
Arteries to veins
Arteries pulsate so have alternating
high/low pressures
Veins do not pulsate so have low pressure
~ 20mm Hg steady pressure
Blood Pressure
BP depends upon how much blood can be pushed
into elastic arteries
Systolic pressure
peak pressure reached as aorta fills with blood
after ventricular contraction
Average = ~ 120 mm Hg
Diastolic Pressure
Is aortic rebound after semilunar valves close
and ventricles relax
Maintains blood pressure in subsequent
vessels
Average = ~ 70mm Hg
with age
with health
result: atherosclerosis
hypertension from hardening of arterial walls
arteries lose stretch
fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste
products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material
in the blood) build up on the inner lining of an
artery
buildup that results is called plaque.
heart has to work harder to push blood into arteries
heart enlarges until contractions produce little
stress on ventricles and you croak off
(Congestive Heart Failure)
Hypertension
can also cause ischemic heart disease
heart muscle doesnt get enough
blood
usually the result of atherosclerosis or
hardening of the arteries (coronary
artery disease), which impedes the
blood flow
Circulatory Pathways
Pulmonary circuit
Functions to bring blood into close contact with
alveoli of lungs for gas exchange
Pressure is low here (24/8 instead of 120/80
mm Hg)
Pulmonary arteries/arterioles are more like
veins/venules with thin walls and large lumens
Systemic circuit
Arterial: functions to bring oxygenated blood to
all body tissues/cells
Venus: functions to remove metabolic wastes
from body tissues/cells
Circulatory
Pathways
Circle of Willis
External Carotid
Gives off many branches:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Maxillary
Occipital artery
descending branch
anastimoses (connects)
with costocervical trunk
Superior Temporal artery
Ophthalmic artery
Subclavians
Gives off branches:
Vertebral Artery
Costocervical trunk to neck
and ribs that connects with
occipital artery
Thyrocervical trunk supplying thyroid gland,
scapula
transverse cervical (connection with
intercostal arteries and with suprascapular)
suprascapular artery anastemoses with
subscapular that connects back to axillary
artery
Internal thoracic that supply the sternum
Arm
Subclavian changes to Axillary at the
border of the scalene muscles changes to
brachial artery at the lateral border of the
m. pectoralis minor
Brachial artery branches into:
Profunda Brachii
Muscular branches
Collateral Branches around elbow
have recurrent and collateral
Ulna artery
arteries back to the brachial and
Radial artery profunda brachii arteries
Arm
Ulnar Artery
Radial Artery
These arteries form deep and superficial
palmer arches that give rise to the
metacarpal arteries
Loops back to radial artery
Celiac Trunck
Celiac trunk feeds fore gut liver, stomach, spleen,
duodenum, gall bladder, head of pancreas
3 branches
Lft. Gastric to lesser curvature of stomach
Splenic to spleen then continues as left
gastroepiploic
Common Hepatic splits to proper hepatic to liver
and then gives off:
rt. Gastric to lesser curvature
gastroduodenal to stomach and duodenum
splits to superior pancreatico-dudenal
(pancreas and duodenum)
rt. Gastroepiploic
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric
Branches into:
Inferior Pancreatico-duodenal
Intestinal Branches
Ileo-colic
Right Colic
Middle Colic becomes Marginal artery
of Drummond that connects to the
Left Colic of the Inferior Mesenteric
(another collateral circulation)
Inferior Mesenteric
Branches into:
Left Colic
Right Colic to marginal artery
Superior Rectal ( Superior
Hemorrhoidal )
Common Iliacs
Arteries of
genitals
Veins of
Upper Body
Veins of
Shoulder and
Arm
Abdominal
Veins
Leg Veins
Fetal Circulation
In humans and other placental mammals,
mother supplies oxygenated blood and
mothers liver detoxifies fetus blood
Circulatory pathway differs with additional
vessels:
Umbilical vein
Umbilical artery
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus