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combustion.
Combustion Any chemical process accompanied with
evolution of heat and light
Fuel + Oxygen
Solid fuel
Require excess of air for combustion &
process cannot be controlled easily.
Liquid
fuel
High cost of
production
Cannot be
stored easily
Require
special
burners for
Combustion
Offensive odor
Gaseous
fuel
High cost of
production
Cannot be
stored easily
Highly
inflammable
High risk of
fire hazard
Liquid- Tar
Petroleum distillates : Gasoline, Kerosene, Gas
oils
Petroleum residues, Fuel oils, Alcohol
UNITS
British thermal unit (BTU) : 1/180 of the
amount of heat necessary to raise 1lb of
water from 32 deg. F to 212 deg. F
1
8080 C + 34,500 H-O/8 +2240 S K cal/ kg
GCV =
100
Net Calorific
value =
Spark ignition
Compression
Engine
engine
Petrol
ignition
Diesel
KNOCKING
Knocking tendency
Aromatics < Cycloalkanes < Olefins
<Branched
Straight chain alkanes >chain
alkanes
Zero
Isooctane
Hundred
1 L Petrol
Leaded Petrol
TEL 60%
Ethylene
bromide
26%
Ethylene
chloride
9%
Red dye-2%
Antiknock
Fluid
Harmful to environment
Diesel engine
Air is compressed to 1/20th of its volume
This raises temp to 3000 C & diesel
ignites without spark
Diesel should ignites below compression
temperature
short induction lag desirable
Diesel consists of straight longer chain
hydrocarbons with minimum content of
branched & aromatic HCs.
Diesel engine
Air is compressed to 1/20th of its
volume
This raises temp to 3000 C & diesel
ignites without spark
Diesel should ignites below
compression temperature
short induction lag desirable
Solar
Energ
y
+ CO2
Biomass
Harvesting
CO2
Biofuel
Pre-processing
Cellulose
Enzymes
Ethanol
Microbial Fermentation
Sugars
Biomass
matter
produced by living things
Utilization of biomass
1. Direct
- Two Ways
Utilization of biomass
- Two Ways
Anaerobic fermentation
2. Bio
mass
Ethanol
Advantages
Environment friendly
Low initial investment
Disadvantages Cost of energy is higher in urban areas
Collection & transportation of biomass is
expensive
catalyst
catalyst
Ester
Hydrolysis
Transesterification
Esterification.
Hydrolysis
Fats
or oil
water
Esterification
catalyst
catalyst
ester + water
Transesterification
Fats or oil + alcohol catalyst fatty acid alkyl +glycerol
Oil
ester
Biogas
1.
Fructose
C6H12O6
Zymase ( Yeast)
2C2H5OH +2CO2
Starchy materials
Sugar
Enzymatic
Fermentatio
n
Ethanol
Coal dust + H2
Mixture of
hydrocarbons
H2 / Cracking
Crude oil
Primary cells
The chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy as long as chemical
component is active.
Can not be recharged or regenerated
Secondary
cells: