Dalton's Atomic Theory

1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms

are indivisible and indestructible.
2) All atoms of a given element are
identical in mass and properties
3) Compounds are formed by a
combination of two or more different
kinds of atoms.
4) A chemical reaction is a
rearrangement of atoms.

Gold-foil experiment

RUTHERFORDS

OBSERVATION

RUTHERFORDS

OBSERVATION

LESSON NO.
01

Duration : 01 Period ( 40 min.)

Why atoms combine

together ?

Waterfall

Sun rays

A hot cup of tea

Every object in this world

has a tendency to lower its
energy !
Atoms have a tendency to
decrease their energy . It is a
natural phenomenon because it
increases the stability of atoms.

How atoms succeed in

lowering their energy?
They can do this by
combining with other
atoms.

Discovery of Noble gases :

Group 18 - The Noble Gases

The elements of Group 18, the noble gases, are:

symbol

electron
configuration

helium

He

1s2

neon

Ne

[He]2s22p6

argon

Ar

[Ne]3s23p6

krypton

Kr

[Ar]3d104s24p6

xenon

Xe

[Kr]4d105s25p6

radon

Rn

[Xe]4f145d106s26p6

OCTET
It is a principle
that having
eight electrons
in the outermost
shell meant
stability and
hence
unreactivity as
well. This

RULE

How atoms succeed in

lowering their energy?
By the help of Octet rule we can suggest
that atoms form bonds because they
would like to lower their energy by
completing their octet.
+
N

Sodium (Na)
unstable

Sodium (Na) stable

Free
electron

THANK YOU