Lecture 02

E-Commerce
Application
Development
Tiered Architectures
System
A group
of interrelated elements forming a collective
entity
Architecture
A style
and method of design and construction
An architectural history of
computing
1 tier architecture
2 tier architecture
monolithic Information Systems

presentation, application logic, and resource management were
merged into a single tier
separation of presentation tier from other 2 tiers (app +
resource)
became popular as 'client/server' systems
3 tier architecture
can be achieved by separating RM (resource management)

from application logic tier
Tiers of an architecture
Client
browser
<html>
...
</html>
Application
logictier
informationsystem
Presentation
tier
Visualise
Calculate
Resource
managementtier
Store
Presentation Tier
Any IS needs to communicate with external entities, human

users or other computers
Allows these entities to interact with the system
Implemented as a GUI interface
Referred to as the client of the IS which is not correct
Example:
Systems accessed by web browsers using plain HTML documents

The client is a web browser that only displays information prepared
by the Web server
The presentation layer in this case is the Web server
How the data should appear to the user and how the user
should interact with the interface
5
Application Logic Tier
IS do more than information delivery, they perform data

processing (Business Logic & calculation) behind the
results being delivered
Example:
A program that implements a withdrawal operation from a bank

This program takes the request, checks whether there is enough
funds, verifies whether withdrawal limits are exceeded, creates a
log entry for the operation, performs the operations against the
current balance and gives approval for handing out the money.
Here the algorithms are implemented
This tier is often referred to as
Services
Business logic
Business rules
Server
Resource Management Layer
IS needs data to work with

Data can reside in databases or other information
repositories
Deals with and implements different data sources of
Information Systems
Also referred to as the data layer, which indicates that it is
implemented using a Database Management System
From the banking example:
The RM layer could be the account database of the bank
Can also be a gateway to recursively using other ISs

7
1 Tier Architectures
Mainframe-based and the system took place through

dumb terminals
Monolithic Information Systems
Presentation, application logic, and resource
management were merged into a single tier
Many of these 'old' Systems are still in use!
Due to its monolithic nature it did not provide an entry
point from the outside except the channel to the dumb
terminals
Considered as black box
8
Design of 1 Tier Architecture

Client
Application
logiclayer
Resource
managementlayer
informationsystem
Presentation
layer
Advantages:
easy to optimise performance
no context switching
no compatibility issues
no client developement, maintainance
and deployment cost
Disadvantages:
monolithic pieces of code (high
maintainance)
hard to modify lack of documentation
and qualified programmers
lack of qualified programmers for
these systems
9
2 - Tier Architectures
Client
Presentationlayer
1.7 p.12
Server
Applicationlogiclayer
Resourcemanagementlayer
10
Informationsystem
fig
Coming of PC was the real push to 2-tier architectures

Separation of presentation layer from other 2 layers (app +
resource)
Advantages
Client/server systems with thin clients/fat clients

Use RPC (Remote Procedure Call) to communicate between tiers
Need for standardisation for inter-tier communication
portability
no need for context switches or calls between component for key
operations
Disadvantages
limited scalability
legacy problems (blown up clients)
11
client
applicationlogiclayer
middleware
resourcemanagementlayer
12
informationsystem
presentation
layer
The former created islands of information where a set of clients

could communicate with a server but not with other servers
3-tier made it technically possible to integrate different servers
Separating RM (resource management) from application logic
layer
Additional middleware layer between client and server
integration logic
application logic
Lead to the introduction of clear RM layer interfaces

Good at dealing with integration of different resources
13
Advantages
scalability by running each layer on a different server

scalability by distributing AL (application logic layer) across many
nodes
additional tier for integration logic
Flexibility
Disadvantages
performance loss if distributed over the internet

problem when integrating different 3 tier systems
14
3 - tier Architectures
presentation
layer
GUI clients
C++, VB, Java
Middleware
Server
middleware
Databases
Legacy Systems
15
informationsystem
client
Middleware
Middleware refers to the software which is common to multiple

applications and builds on the network transport services to enable
ready development of new applications and network services.
Middleware typically includes a set of components such as
resources and services that can be utilised by applications either
individually or in various subsets.
Examples of services: Security, Directory and naming, end-to-end

quality of service, support for mobile code.
Examples:
OMGs CORBA
J2EE - Java 2 Enterprise Edition
Microsofts .Net
16
Middleware features
Allows communication
through a standard language

across different platforms
between legacy and modern applications
Takes care of
transactions between servers

data conversion
authentication
communications between computers
17
Middleware features
Provides runtime environment for components in the middletier
Component lifecyle and management

Transaction, event and security services
Provides connections to databases, mainframes and legacy
systems
Separates client-tier from the data source
Clean separation of user-interfaces and presentation logic from

the data source
18
n -tier
client
2 cases of n tier
Webbrowser
Webserver
fig 1.12 p. presentation

20
layer
informationsystem
HTMLfilter
middleware
19
Systems linked with

added connectivity
through the internet
Resource layer is a
full fledged 2 - or 3 tier system
General benefits of adding

With growing number of tiers one gains:
tiers
flexibility
functionality
possibilities for distribution
But:
Each tier increases communication costs

Complexity rises leading to higher cost and risk
Higher complexity of development
Higher complexity of management and tuning
Redundency increases
20
Dedicated Server
A dedicated server is a single computer in a

network reserved for serving the needs of the
network.
Examples of Dedicated Servers are:
File Server
Database Server
Web Server etc.
We shall take an example of a Web Server and
explain it in the following slides.
BROWSER
WEB
SERVER
Operating System
Resources
Servlet
CGI
Program
Files
Web Server
A computer (or software running on a
computer) on the Internet that listens for HTTP
requests, typically on port 80, and responds
with HTTP responses.
Market Share for Top

Servers Across All
Domains, Aug 1995 Aug 2010
Apache : 54.9%
Microsoft IIS:
25.9%
Google: 7.7%
ngnix: 5.6%
How Web Servers Work?

At the most basic level possible, the following diagram
shows the steps that brought that page to your screen:
Your browser formed a connection to a

Web server, requested a page and
received it.
Static Content
Java Script
Used in millions of Web pages to improve the design, validate
forms, detect browsers, create cookies, and much more
HTML DOM
The HTML Document Object Model (HTML DOM) defines a
standard way for accessing and manipulating HTML documents
The DOM presents an HTML document as a tree structure, and
gives access to the structure through a set of objects
DHTML
DHTML is a combination of technologies (HTML, JavaScript, etc)
used to create dynamic and interactive Web sites
VBScript
Visual Basic based script
25
Dynamic Content
Content shaped by program in response

to a request
More processing required
Static content faster
26
Dynamic Content
Dynamic content is nonstatic information constructed in response to

a Web clients request
Using Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC), the Web server can

assemble information from disparate database systems
Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting mechanism to

build dynamic sites and Web applications
Improved support via DreamWeaver MX and Microsoft Visual

Studio .NET
27
Dynamic Content
Server-side scripting
ASP
ASP.NET
JSP
JSFaces
PHP
Servlets
28
Choosing a Web Server

Faster
Scalability
Operating system
Connection speed
Dynamic vs. static pages
29
Web Server Software (1)
Apache HTTP Server

free
and efficient since 1996

Runs on many OS
Password protection
Digital certificates
Authentication systems
Access restrictions
APIs
Allows dynamic content generators (ASP)
30
Microsoft IIS
Packaged
with Windows Server

Used in many corporate sites
Suitable for small to medium operations
Support for Microsoft languages
Supports SQL and ODBC
Extremely popular on PCs
31
Sun Java System Web Server
32
Sun Java System Web Server

Connectivity to databases
Powerful development environment
Publishing, link management and uploading
Search engine capable of indexing
PDF
MS Word
PowerPoint
Manage user profiles remotely
Digital certificate authentication
Web Server Hardware

More memory
Larger/faster hard disk drivers
Faster processors
Multiple processors
Exploit
33
GPUs
Web Architecture Model

Buyer/Seller
Client
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
Client
Server
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
Client
Server
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML
ASP.NET
PHP
JSP
ColdFusion
CGI

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
Client
Server
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML
ASP.NET (VB.NET/C#)
PHP
JSP (Java)
ColdFusion (CFML)
CGI (PERL/C++)

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
ASP.NET (VB.NET/C#)
Server
Client
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
PHP
JSP (Java)
ColdFusion (CFML)
CGI (PERL/C++)
JavaScript
CSS
HTML
Access
SQL Server 2000/2005
Data
Oracle
MySQL
XML

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
Client
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML
ASP.NET (VB.NET/C#)
Serve
r
PHP
JSP (Java)
ColdFusion (CFML)
CGI (PERL/C++)
ADO.NET 2.0
Data
Access
Access
Data
Oracle
MySQL
XML

Buyer/Seller
HTTP-Response
Client
HTTP-Request
Logic
Look
Structure
JavaScript
CSS
HTML
ASP.NET (VB.NET/C#)
Serve
r
PHP
JSP (Java)
ColdFusion (CFML)
CGI (PERL/C++)
ADO.NET 2.0 (SQL)
Data
Access
Access
Data
Oracle
MySQL
XML
Web Technologies
HTTP / HTTPS (URL, GET/POST)
Client-side:
HTML / XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language)

JavaScript / VBScript (client-side scripting)
Applets / ActiveX controls
Server-side:
PHP
JSP
(Java Server Pages)

ASP (Active Server Pages)
ASP.NET (next generation of ASP)

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E-Commerce

of interrelated elements forming a collective

and method of design and construction

monolithic Information Systems

can be achieved by separating RM (resource management)

Any IS needs to communicate with external entities, human

Systems accessed by web browsers using plain HTML documents

Application Logic Tier

IS do more than information delivery, they perform data

A program that implements a withdrawal operation from a bank

This tier is often referred to as

Resource Management Layer

IS needs data to work with

The RM layer could be the account database of the bank

Can also be a gateway to recursively using other ISs

Mainframe-based and the system took place through

Design of 1 Tier Architecture

Coming of PC was the real push to 2-tier architectures

Client/server systems with thin clients/fat clients

The former created islands of information where a set of clients

Additional middleware layer between client and server

Lead to the introduction of clear RM layer interfaces

scalability by running each layer on a different server

performance loss if distributed over the internet

Middleware refers to the software which is common to multiple

Examples of services: Security, Directory and naming, end-to-end

through a standard language

transactions between servers

Provides runtime environment for components in the middletier

Component lifecyle and management

Separates client-tier from the data source

Clean separation of user-interfaces and presentation logic from

fig 1.12 p. presentation

Systems linked with

General benefits of adding

Each tier increases communication costs

A dedicated server is a single computer in a

Market Share for Top

How Web Servers Work?

Your browser formed a connection to a

Content shaped by program in response

More processing required

Static content faster

Dynamic content is nonstatic information constructed in response to

Using Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC), the Web server can

Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting mechanism to

Improved support via DreamWeaver MX and Microsoft Visual

Choosing a Web Server

Web Server Software (1)

Apache HTTP Server

and efficient since 1996

Web Server Software (2)

with Windows Server

Sun Java System Web Server

Web Server Software (3)

Sun Java System Web Server

Web Server Hardware

Web Architecture Model

Web Architecture Model

Web Architecture Model

Web Architecture Model

Web Architecture Model

Web Architecture Model