BTY100-Lec# 6.

1
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Imaging

Created By:
Robinka Khajuria
(Biotech) LPU
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OUTLINE
Introduction to Biomedical
Engineering
Medical Imaging:
X-Ray Radiography
CAT Scan
Ultrasonography

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Biomedical Engineering
is the application of engineering
principles and design concepts to
medicine and biology for healthcare
purposes
It combines the design and problem
solving skills of engineering with
medical and biological sciences to
advance:

healthcare
treatment,
including
diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy
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Biomedical Engineering
Includes:
1. Medical imaging
2. Implants
3. Bionics

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Medical Imaging
is the technique of creating visual
representations of the interior of a body
for clinical analysis and medical
intervention.
seeks to reveal internal structures hidden
by the skin and bones, to diagnose and
treatdisease.
Commonly used techniques:
X-rayradiography,CT Scan, Medical
ultrasound etc.

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X-rayRadiography

Basic Principle:
an x-ray beam is passed through a patient to a piece of film or a radiation detector,
producing an image.
ss dense,
Letissue
Different soft tissues allow different penetration of x-rays: depending
Lung:on
ass
density; the denser the tissue, the whiter the image
more x-rays p
through-Black
image.
bone,
Femur: Thick
ass
lesser X-rays p
er
through: Whit
image

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X-rayRadiography
1. To create the image, a
heterogeneous beam of X-rays is
produced by an X-ray generator
and is projected toward the
object.
2. A certain amount of X-ray is
absorbed by the object, which is
dependent on the particular
density and composition of that
object.
3. The X-rays that pass through the
object are captured behind the
object by a detector.
4. The detector can then provide a
superimposed 2D representation
of all the object's internal
structures.
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COMPONENTS
X-ray generator :
X-rays are produced by an electron beam (emitted
from heated cathode filament) that is accelerated to
a high speed and strikes a target.
The electrons are then focused and accelerated by an
electrical field towards an angled anode target.
The point where the electron beam strikes the target
is called the focal spot.
Most of the kinetic energy contained in the electron
beam is converted to heat, but around 1% of the
energy is converted into X-ray photons.

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COMPONENTS
Image detection system: a range of
detectors have been used to collect
images including:
Photographic film

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Image detection system

Scintillator Detector:
X-rays not absorbed by the target strike,
a layer of scintillating material that
converts them into visible light photons.
These photons then strike an array of
photodiodes which converts them into
electrons that can activate the pixels in
a layer of amorphous silicon.
The activated pixels generate electronic
data that a computer can convert into a
high-quality image of the target, which is
then displayed on a computer monitor
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http://www.spineuniverse.com/ex
ams-tests/rays-animation

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Two forms of radiographic

images
Projection radiography : are often used to
determine the type and extent of a fracture.
With the use of radio-opaque contrast media,
such as barium, they can also be used to
visualize the structure of the stomach and
intestines

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Two forms of radiographic

images

Fluoroscopy: produces
real-time images of
internal structures of the
body in a similar fashion to
radiography.
employs a constant input
of x-rays, at a lower dose
rate and real time image is
produced using TV camera.
used in image-guided
procedures when constant
feedback during a
procedure is required.
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Tomography
refers to imaging
by sections or
sectioning,
through the use
of any kind of
penetrating wave.

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Computed Tomography
Scanning

Basic Principle: uses computerprocessed x-rays to produce

tomographic images (virtual 'slices')
of specific areas of the scanned
object.

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Working CT Scan
1. A CT scanner looks like a big, square
doughnut.
2. Inside the covers of the CT scanner is a
rotating frame which has an x-ray tube
mounted on one side and the detector
mounted on the opposite side.
3. A fan beam of x-ray is created as the rotating
frame spins the x-ray tube and detector
around the patient.
4. As the x-ray tube and detector make this
360 rotation, the detector takes numerous
snapshots.
5. Typically, in one 360 lap, about 1,000
profiles are sampled.
6. Profiles are then superimposed to generate
a 3-D images.
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CT Scan
Advantages:
High-contrast resolution: differences between
tissues that differ in physical density by less
than 1% can be distinguished
Data from a single CT imaging procedure can
be viewed as images in different axial planes.
This is referred to as multi-planar reformatted
imaging
Disadvantage:
Uses high ionizing radiations hence dosage must
be properly monitored.
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ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Ultrasound is an oscillating sound wave with a
frequency greater than the upper limit of the
human hearing range(20 kilohertz).
Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies
from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
These sound waves are reflected by tissue to
varying degrees to produce images

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ULTRASONOGRAPHY
commonly associated with imaging
the fetus in pregnant women.
Other important uses include
imaging the abdominal organs, heart,
breast, muscles, tendons, arteries
and veins.

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Working
Ultrasound images (sonograms) are made:
1. by sending a pulse of ultrasound into tissue
using an ultrasound transducer (probe).
2.The sound reflects and echoes off parts of
the tissue
3. this echo is recorded and displayed as an
image to the operator.

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COMPONENTS
A basic ultrasound machine has the following parts:
Transducer probe- probe that sends and receives
the sound waves
Central processing unit (CPU)- computer that
does all of the calculations and contains the
electrical power supplies for itself and the
transducer probe
Transducer pulse controls- changes the
amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses
emitted from the transducer probe
Display- displays the image from the ultrasound
data processed by the CPU

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Ultrasonography
Advantages:
It is very safe to use and does not cause any adverse effects.
It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform.
The real time moving image obtained can be used to guide
drainage and biopsy procedures.

Disadvantage
that it can not capture detailed images.

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Next Class:
Implants
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