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The life-maintaining fluid that circulates

through:
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Brain
Rest of the body haem=blood logos=stu

What is a complete blood cell count

(CBC)?

is a measurement of size, number, and

maturity of the different blood cells in a
specific volume of blood.
can be used to determine many
abnormalities with either the production or
destruction of blood cells.

Where are blood cells made?

made in the bone marrow

The bone marrow is the spongy
material in the center of the bones that
produces all types of blood cells.

Ways of obtaining blood:

1.Capillary of peripheral blood

Differential blood counts
Haemoglobin estimation
3mm deep
2. Venous blood(venipuncture)
Haemotologic exercises better!
o More blood for multiple
tests
. Arterial puncture

*Blood samples are collected by

phlebotomists

0Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

0Monocytes
Largest cell in peripheral blood

0Lymphocytes
Immunologic response of the

are cells which help to regulate

the body's immune system.
distinguished by having a
deeply staining nucleus that may
beeccentricin location and a
relatively small amount of
cytoplasm
The main types of lymphocytes
are:

Monocytes can develop into two types of

cell:
1. Dendritic cells
antigen-presenting cells which are able to
mark out cells that are antigens (foreign
bodies) that need to be destroyed by
lymphocytes.
2. Macrophages
phagocyte cells which are larger and live
longer than neutrophils. Macrophages are also
able to act as antigen-presenting cells.

0 involved in allergic reactions and can

attack multicellular parasites such as

worms.
0 primarily deal with parasitic infections
0 are also the predominant inflammatory
cells in allergic reactions
0 The cytoplasm is full of granules that
assume a characteristic pink-orange
color with eosin stain

0 chiefly responsible for allergic and

antigen response by releasing the

chemical histamine causing
vasodilation
0 nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard
to see because of the number of
coarse granules that hide it.
0 are characterized by their large blue
granules.

0are very active in phagocytosing

bacteria
0present in large amount in the
pus of wounds
0are not able to renew
theirlysosomes(used in
digesting microbes)
0die after having phagocytosed a

Terms and
Terminology

Terms and
Terminology

Terms and
Terminology

0Fibrin
0Serum
0Anisocytosis
0Poikilocytosis
0Spherocytes
0Elliptocytosis
0Burr cells
0stomatocytes

0Leukemia

Acutemyeclotic leukemia
Chronicmyeclotic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Lymphomas
Multiple myeloma

Procedures and
Tests

Solubility test for

diagnosis of
sickle cell anaem

0Preparation of blood films

0Light scatter cell

counting

0Preparation of

plasma

0 Counting of white blood cells

0Clotting time

0 Venepuncture procedure(macromethod)

0 Skin puncture method(micromethod)

0Haemoglobinopathies

Disorder that originates

from a defect in globin chains
0Trypanosomiasis
Sleeping sickness

0Haemophilia

0Thrombocytopenia
0Malaria
0Blood cancers
Leukemia
Lymphoma
myeloma

0Christmas disease
0Von Willebrands disease
0Haemorrhagic disease of

newborn

0Erythropoiesis
0Blood clots
0Polycythemia
Raised haemoglobin value

0Leukopenia
0Easinophilia
0neutropenia

0White blood cell

disorders
0Low white blood cell
count
0High red blood cell count

0Anemia:

Iron deficiency, which is estimated to

cause anemia in nearly 2 billion people
worldwide
0Advancing age, with >20% of people
over 85 diagnosed with iron-deficiency
anemia
0Ethnicity and gender, as it occurs more
frequently in African Americans and
women due to menstrual blood loss

0Leukopenia:
0Viral infections that affect
the bone marrow, some
heritable bone marrow
diseases, and certain
autoimmune conditions
0Chemotherapy, radiation
therapy
0Drugs, like clozapine

0Thrombocytopenia:
0Drugs, like
hydroxycarbamide,
interferons alpha and beta,
heparin, quinine,
vancomycin, cimetidine,
naproxen
0Alcoholism
0Vitamin B12 and folate

0Anemia:
0Supplemental iron, especially the form iron
protein succinylate for iron-deficiency
anemia
0Vitamin C, which facilitates the absorption
of iron
0Vitamin B12 and/or folate for anemia due
to vitamin deficiency
0Hydroxycarbamide, a drug that increases a
form of hemoglobin that does not

0Leukopenia:
0Antibiotics for leukopenia caused
by cancer or fever (ciprofloxacin,
amoxicillin/clavulanate,
ceftazidime, vancomycin)
0Granulocyte-macrophage and
granulocyte-stimulating colony
factors can be used as a
preventive measure to stimulate
bone marrow to produce more
white blood cells

0Thrombocytopenia:
0Avoid all drugs that impair
clotting
0Corticosteroids like
prednisolone for autoimmune
destruction of platelets
0Rituximab, a drug that inhibits
B-cells
0Romiplostim and eltrombopag
to induce platelet production