Chapter 2

The Integumentary
System
Includes the_______and
accessory structures
including ______, ______, and
__________, as well as blood
vessels, _________and
_______________.

Structure of the Skin

The skin (_____________ membrane)

covers the body and is the largest organ of
the body by surface area and weight
Its area is about ___square meters (22
square feet) and weighs ______kg (10-11 lb),
about _____of body weight
It is _______mm thick, thinnest on the
__________, thickest on the _______; the
average thickness is _________mm
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Structure of the Skin

It consists of _____ major layers:

outer, thinner layer called the ____________,
consists of epithelial tissue
inner, thicker layer called the __________
Beneath the dermis is a ______________
layer (also called hypodermis) which
___________ the skin to the underlying
tissues and organs.

Components of the Integumentary

System

Epidermis:

Four major types of

__________________ (90% of the cells) produce

cells:

keratin which is a tough fibrous __________that

provides protection

__________________: which produce the pigment

melanin that protects against damage by ____
_________________.
_________________cells: involved in immune
responses, arise from _____ _________marrow
____________ ________: which function in the
sensation of____________along with the adjacent
_____________ _____________.

Types of Cells in the

Epidermis

Epidermis
The epidermis contains ________major layers
(thin skin) or _______ major layers (thick skin)
1. Stratum __________(deepest layer) or stratum
__________________, where _________occurs
which produces cells for all the other layers
2. Stratum ___________, 8-10 layers of
_________________.
3. Stratum _______________, which includes
keratohyalin and lamellar granules

Cont. Epidermis
4. Stratum ____________ is present only in thick skin
(the skin of the ________________, _________, and
_________)
5. Stratum ____________: dead keratinocytes that are
continuously ________ and ______________ by cells
from deeper strata; constant friction can stimulate
formation of a ___________.
_________________, the accumulation of more and
more protective keratin, occurs as cells move from the
_____________ layer to the ____________ layer
________________- an excess of keratinized cells
shed from the ___________.

Layers of the Epidermis

Dermis
The dermis has several important
characteristics:
1. composed of connective tissue containing
_____________ and ____________ fibers
2. contains two layers
~outer ___________region consists of thin
collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae
makes ______________, corpuscles of
___________ and free nerve endings

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Cont. Dermis
~deeper region consists of connective
tissue containing __________and
____________fibers _________ cells,
______follicles, nerves, ____________ (oil)
glands, and ______________ (sweat)
glands
_________ or stretch marks can appear if the
skin is stretched too much

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Dermis

Lines of ___________ - tension lines in the

skin indicate the predominant direction of
underlying ______________ fibers
Epidermal ___________ reflect contours of
the underlying dermal papillae and form the
basis for ______________ (and footprints);
their function is to increase firmness of
______ by increasing ____________.
Dermatoglyphics - the study of the pattern
of _____________ __________(fingerprints)

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Structural Basis of Skin

Variations in skin color arise from variations in the
Color
amounts of three pigments: ____________,

______________, and ________________.

Melanin - a _______________ or
_________________pigment produced by
melanocytes (located mostly in the _________, where
it absorbs ____ _______________)
The amount of melanin causes the skins color to vary
from pale ___________ to ______to _____ to
__________.
The number of _____________ are about the same in
all people; differences in skin color is due to the
____________of pigment produced
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Structural Basis of Skin

A ____________ localized overgrowth of melanocytes
Color

is a _____________ or ____________.
______________is an _____________ inability to
produce melanin - ______________ is a condition in
which there is a partial or complete loss of
melanocytes from _____________ of skin
_____________ - yellow-orange pigment (found in the
stratum __________, dermis, and subcutaneous layer)
________________ - red color (located in erythrocytes
flowing through ___________ ________________)

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Subcutaneous Layer

Subcutaneous (also called _____________)

is not part of the skin but, among its functions,
it _____________ the skin to the underlying
tissues and organs; this layer (and sometimes
the dermis) contains ____________(pacinian)
corpuscles which detect external __________
applied to the _________.

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Accessory Structures of
include ______, skin __________, and nails
the Skin

Hairs have a number of important functions:

______________
reduction of ___________ ___________
sensing ___________

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Accessory Structures of the Skin

-Hair
Hair is composed of dead, ____________

________________ cells
Hair consists of:
1. _______which mostly projects above the
surface of the skin
2. _____which penetrates into the dermis
3. _______ _____________
4. ____________ root sheath
5. _________root sheath

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Accessory Structures of the

Hair color is determined by the amount and type of
Skin

____________.
Sebaceous glands connected to _______
___________, secrete an oily substance called
__________ which prevents _____________ of hair
and skin, and inhibits growth of certain
_____________
_______________ glands-- 2 types:

____________ sweat glands

____________sweat glands

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Sudoriferous (Sweat)
Numerous eccrine sweat glands help to ______ the
Glands
body by evaporating, and also eliminates small
amounts of _________, usually watery and odorless

Apocrine sweat glands, located mainly in the skin of

the ___________, ________, areolae, and bearded
facial regions of adult males.

their excretory ducts open into _______ _________this sweat

is secreted during emotional _________ and sexual arousal,
strong odor and contains _________________.

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Ceruminous Glands

Modified sweat glands located in the ______

___________
Along with nearby sebaceous glands, they
are involved in producing a _______secretion
called ____________(earwax) which
provides a sticky __________that prevents
entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal.

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Nails

Nails are composed of hard, ___________

____________cells located over the dorsal
surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes
Each nail consists of:

_______ _________
transparent ______ _________(plate) with a
whitish _________at its base
______ _______embedded in a fold of skin

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Nails

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Types of Skin

There are two major types of skin:

1. thin (hairy) skin covers all body regions
except the _________,
_____________________, and ________
2. thick (hairless) skin covers the palms,
palmar surfaces of digits, and soles

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Functions of the Skin

regulation of ___________________
____________ (___________)
______________
______________ and _______________
synthesis of _____________ ____

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Aging and the Integumentary

Effects:
System

_______________
decrease of skins _____________ responsiveness
_______________ and cracking of the skin
decreased ____________ production
decreased in melanocytes resulting in ________
________ and atypical skin _____________
loss of subcutaneous ______
a general decrease in skin __________________
Growth of hair and nails ______________; nails may
also become more _____________with age.

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