1.

Partikel ultramikroskopik, dapat

melewati filter bakteri
2.Tidak memiliki organisasi sel biasa.
3.Mengandung salah satu jenis asam
nukleat, RNA atau DNA
4.Tidak memiliki enzim yang diperlukan
untuk sintesis protein dan asam
nukleat, sehingga tergantung pada
sistem sintesis sel hospes.
5. Berkembang biak di dalam sel hospes.
-Ukuran virus berbeda-beda :
Yang terbesar virus cacar ------->
300 nm
Yang terkecil virus penyakit kuku

DOGMA CENTRAL BIOLOGI MOLEKUER

DNA
protein

mRNA

KEKECUALIAN, virus RNA

RNA

DNA

Protein
(reverse transkriptase)

mRNA

Bentuk Bentuk Virus

Peluru (Rabies)

Batang (mozaik)

Bulat(Influenza)

Bata(Cacar)

Kepala + ekor(Bakteriofag)

STURKTUR VIRUS

Inti virus berupa DNA atau RNA, yang dibungkus oleh selubu
proteinyang disebut kapsid . Kapsid terdiri dari sejumlah su
yang disebut kapsomer.
DNA/RNA

Kapsomer//kapsid
Bentuk kubik (polihedral)

Kapsomer dapat berupa satu

rantaian polipeptida, juga dapat
terdiri atas protein monomer yang
identik dan masing-masing terdiri
atas rantai polipeptida.
Susunan kapsomer dibedakan menjadi
3 bentuk:

A.Simetri kubik (polihedral) ----------> kapsome

berbentuk kubus menngelilingi asam nukleat,
terdiri dari 20 sisi. Masing-masing sisi berbentu
segitiga sama sisi
Contoh: Adenovirus

B. Simetri heliks --------> kapsomer

mengelilingi asam nukleat yang berulir
======> Nukleokapsid berbentuk
filamen kemudian melingkar di dalam
selubung yang mengandung lemak.
Contoh : virus mozaik
Kapsomer
Asam nukleat yang
diselubungi kapsid
disebut
nukleokapsid

RNA

Nukleokapsid

Kapsid

C. Struktur komplek ----------> tidak menunjuk

struktur kubik maupun heliks.
Strukturnya kompleks misalnya seperti batu
dan mempunyai tonjolan pada permukaan lu
Contoh : Poxvirus.

Poxvirus
tonjolan

Nukleokapsid ada yang telanjang

(tidak berselubung)

Patogen pada saluran

pernapasan

Penyebab diare
Pada anak-anak

Nukleokapsid berselubung.
Glikoprotein

Nukleokaps
id
polihedral

Selubung protein (peplomer)

Glikoprotein
Nukleokap
sid
berulir
Selubung lemak

Selubung berupa protein, terdiri dari subunit

protein =====> peplomer.
Peplomer dapat lebih dari satu, tergantung dari jenis
virus, misalnya virus influenza:
= Peplomer berbentuk duri segitiga -------> hemaglutinin
= Peplomer bentuk jamur ----------> neuraminidasa
Partikel virus yang lengkap dengan selubung =====> vi
Neuraminidase
Hemaglutinin
Kapsid

RNA

Peplomer

Bacteriophages
Phages are Viruses
That Infect
Bacteria

Images: Bacteriophage viruses infecting a bacterium, Graham Colm, Public Domain, Wiki

How Do Phages Reproduce?

The ________________of Bacteriophages
A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks and destroys bacterial cells.

Image: Bacteriophage Lytic Replication, Suly12 Wikimedia Commons

How Quickly Do Phages Reproduce?

Phage Replication Cycle

Source: Class Textbook, Microbiology by Bauman, Chapter 13.

How Do Phages Reproduce?

Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
Image: Bacteriophage Lysogenic Replication, Suly12 Wikimedia Commons

Viruses That Infect

Animal Cells
Same basic 1, 2, 3 replication
pathway as bacteriophages.

Image: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) :

NIH Visuals Online

How Animal Viruses Get In and Out of Host Cells

Entry of Viruses into Animal Cells
Not completely understood, but appears to be 3 methods:

Direct penetration of naked virus

Viral genome enters cell, while capsid remains on cells surface. Like how phages enter bacteria.

Membrane fusion

Endocytosis
With membrane fusion and endoocytosis, the capsid is removed once inside the host cell.

Image: Virus Entry into Cell; Endocytosis & Exocytosis, NIGMS

How Animal Viruses Get In and Out of Host Cells

Exit of Viruses from Animal Cells
____________ viruses
After construction of capsid,
naked viruses ,may be released
from the animal cell through
exocytosis or may cause lysis and
death of the cell.

____________ viruses
Often released through a process
called budding. Virus exits cell with
part of the cells membrane.

Endocytosis / Exocytosis Animation:

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl
ace/biocoach/biomembrane2/cytosis.html
Images: Endocytosis & Exocytosis, NIGMS; Rubella virions budding, PHIL # 10220

Viral Disease: ______ _______

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza
virus that spreads on a
worldwide scale infecting
many people.
In contrast to regular seasonal epidemics of influenza,
pandemics occur irregularly, with
the 1918
Spanish flu the most serious pandemic in recent history.
Pandemics can cause high levels of mortality, with the
Spanish influenza having
been responsible for the deaths of 50 100 million people
worldwide.

Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses (seen in

gold) do not usually infect humans; however,
several instances of human infections and
outbreaks have been reported since 1997
(Source CDC PHIL #1841).

Seasonal
Flu

Bird Flu

~ 3 influenza pandemics in each century for the last 300 years.

Most recent ones:
Asian Flu in 1957
Hong Kong Flu in 1968
Swine Flu in 2009 - 2010
Occur when a new strain of influenza virus is transmitted to
humans from animals (especially pigs, chickens and ducks).
These new strains are unaffected by immunity people may have
to older human flu strains, so can spread rapidly.
For more info see: http://www.pandemicflu.gov

Types of Influenza Viruses

Influenza A, B, Cs: Three types of influenza viruses.

Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics in winter.

Influenza C infections cause only a mild respiratory illness.

(what)

(who)?

Influenza A subtypes

Based on two viral surface proteins:

hemagglutinin (H)

neuraminidase (N).

16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes.

Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people: H1N1 & H3N2.

Spring 2009, a new influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged, very different from regular
human influenza A (H1N1) and caused a pandemic.

Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes.

Regular influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses are included in each year's
seasonal influenza vaccine.

The seasonal flu vaccine does not protect against influenza C viruses.

This years seasonal vaccine will not protect against the 2009 H1N1 virus.

Image: Influenza A Virus, National Institutes of Health; Information: Influenza Types,CDC

Influenza
is caused
by an
enveloped
ssRNA
virus.

Virus: ____________
HERPESVIRIDAE: Large family of enveloped dsDNA
viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.

Family name derived from the Greek word herpein ("to

creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infections
typical of this group of viruses. Seven known herpes
viruses infect humans.

Enveloped DNA viruses of the Herpesviridae that often

cause blistery lesions in the skin and mucous membranes

Antiviral treatments treat active infection but often do

not cure latent viral disease.

Herpesviruses exist in latent and actively replicating

forms. The following are herpesviruses:

Cytomegalovirus can be silent or cause brain damage in

newborns and blindness in AIDS patients
Epstein-Barr virus can cause infectious mononucleosis and
is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma
Varicella zoster causes chicken pox and shingles
Herpes simplex 2 (HSV2) causes genital lesions
HSV1 is associated with mouth chancre sores.

Virus: ____________
The Reproductive Cycle of a Retrovirus
1.
Building
and
entry

2.
Reverse
transcription

3.
Integration

4.
Transcription
and
Translation

5.
Assembly
and
Release

Viral
DNA

Cell
DNA
Viral RNA and
proteins
Receptor
A retrovirus is an enveloped ssRNA virus. It relies on the enzyme reverse transcriptase to use its RNA genome to build
DNA, which can then be integrated into the host's genome. The virus then replicates as part of the cell's DNA.

Hidden Viruses
_____________

Bacteriophage DNA becomes integrated into DNA of

host bacteria.

____________

When animal viruses remain dormant in host cells.

May be prolonged for years with no viral activity, signs,
or symptoms.
Some latent viruses do not become incorporated into
host chromosome.
When viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA, condition
is permanent; becomes permanent physical part of
hosts chromosome (examples: HIV, Varicella zoster,
herpes).

The hidden viral DNA is known as a _________ .

Image: Bacteriophage Lysogenic Replication, Suly12 Wikimedia

Commons; Varicella zoster Herpesvirus, PHIL 1878.

Varicella zoster, and other

Herpesviruses can become
prophages, because have DNA as
genetic material

Genetic instructions of all living

things is encoded in the nucleic
acid DNA.
Some viruses also have genetic
instruction of DNA.
DNA viruses can become prophages
by inserting their DNA into the
DNA of the organisms that they
infect.
Q:

Can influenza virus become a prophage?

Q:

Can a herpes virus become a prophage?

Q:

Can a retrovirus become a prophage?

Image: DNA Animation, Brian0918, Wiki, Pub Dom

How Can Viral Diseases Be Prevented and Treated?

Good hygiene
Avoid contact with contaminated food,

water, fecal material or body fluids.

Wash hands frequently.

Vaccines
Stimulate natural defenses with in the body.
Contain a component of or a weakened or killed virus particles.
Are developed for many once common illnesses such as smallpox,

polio, mumps, chicken pox.

Not available for all viruses.

Anti-viral drugs (but not antibiotics)

Available for only a few viruses.
Inhibit some virus development and/or relieve symptoms.

Image: Purchased from iStock,#5255912.jpg, small.

Prions
Prions (pree-ons) are infectious agents even simpler than
viruses.
They are made of __________ but have no nucleic acid.
Responsible for fatal neurodegenerative diseases called
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Good Protein Gone Bad?
Abnormal form of a normally harmless protein found in
mammals and birds.
Can enter brain through infection, usually after being
ingested, or arise from a mutation.
In brain, causes normal proteins to refold into abnormal
shape.
As prion proteins multiply, neurons are destroyed and brain
tissue becomes riddled with holes.
Unlike all other known agents of infection, they appear to lack
nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
TSEs include:
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob (kroits-felt yock-ub) disease
- mad cow disease
- scrapie (neuro disease of sheep & goats)
It appears that this infectious agent can only be destroyed
through incineration.

PERBANDINGAN SIFAT VIRUS TERHADAP SEL

Makromolekul yg di luar sel

diam, tetapi aktif di dalam sel

Melakukan metabolisme sendiri

Tidak dapat membelah diri di luar

sel

Dapat membelah diri

Bukan sel

Sel

Parasit obligat

Sebagian besar merupakan sel

bebas

Mengandung salah satu entah DNA

atau RNA, tidak pernah keduanya
ada

Mengandung DNA dan RNA

Genomnya berupa dsDNA, ssDNA,

dsRNA atau ssRNA

Genomnya berupa dsDNA

Ukuran 10 nm sampai dg 300 nm

Ukuran 300 nm sampai dg 12 cm

Mempunyai selubung berupa kapsid Mempunyai selubung berupa

membran dan dinding sel
Replikasi dengan menggunakan
enzim dan organel dari sel inang

Replikasi sendiri dengan cara

seksual dan atau aseksual

HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A specific type of virus (a retrovirus)
HIV invades the helper T cells to

replicate itself.
No Cure

AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Disease limits the bodys ability to

fight infection
A person with AIDS has a very weak

immune system
No Cure

New HIV Infections in

2002 by Age Group

Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to

six weeks after infection

no symptoms at all
Infected person can infect other

people

Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to

very low levels

HIV antibodies are detectable in the

blood

Stage 3 - Symptomatic
The symptoms are mild
The immune system deteriorates
emergence of opportunistic

infections and cancers

Stage 4 - HIV AIDS

The immune

system weakens
The illnesses

become more
severe leading
to an AIDS
diagnosis

Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS
Bacterial
Tuberculosis (TB)
Strep pneumonia

Viral
Kaposi Sarcoma
Herpes
Influenza (flu)

Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS
Parasitic
Pneumocystis

carinii

Fungal
Candida
Cryptococcus

Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission

Through Bodily Fluids

Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids
Breast Milk

Through IV Drug Use

Sharing Needles
Without sterilization

Increases the chances of contracting

HIV

Through Sex
Intercourse (penile penetration into

the vagina)
Oral
Anal
Digital Sex

Mother-to-Baby

Before Birth
During Birth
Postpartum
After the birth

typical primary HIV-1

infection
symptoms

symptoms

HIV proviral DNA

HIV antibodies

window
period

HIV viral load

HIV-1 p24 antigen
0
1
1 infection

3
weeks

Time following infection

6
years

10