Management

Definition
Management is the accomplishment of results

through the efforts of the other people (Lawrence)

Management is the art of getting things done through
& with the people in formally organized
groups(Koontz H)
Management is a process of planning, organizing,
actuating & controlling to determine the objectives &
accomplish the objectives by the use of people &
resources (Terry G)

Purpose of Management
Organizations have a variety of goals.
A profit oriented business firm might have a returnon-investment goal, a hospital would have goals
around patient care & an educational institution would
establish goals for teaching, research & social service
Organizations possess human as well as non-human
resources(plant,equipment,land,money etc) that are
put-on use in the service of specific goals.

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Management is the force that unifies human as well

as non-human resources in the service of

organizational goals.
It is the process of getting results with & through
people.
Management is needed whenever people work in an
organization.
The managerial functions must be performed by any
one who manages organized efforts irrespective of the
size of organization.

Management functions or the

process of management
Some classify these functions into four types, some
into five & some into six or seven.
Henry Fayol identifies five functions of management
as planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating &
controlling
Luther Gulick states seven such functions under the
catch word POSDCORB which stands for planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting
& budgeting.

In General
Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling
Innovation &
Representation

Planning
Planning is the function that determines in advance what

should be done.
It is looking ahead & preparing for the future.
It is a process of deciding the business objectives & charting
out the methods of attaining those objectives.
It is the determination of what is to be done, how & where it is
to be done, who is to do it & how results are to be evaluated.
This is not only for the organization as a whole but for every
division department or sub-unit of the organization.
Thus planning is a function which is performed by managers at
all levels- top level, middle & supervisory.

Organizing
To organize a business is to provide everything to its

functioning: Personnel, raw materials tools, capital, further

divided into human organization & Material organization.
Once managers have established objectives & developed plans
to achieve them, they must design & develop a human
organization that will be able to carry out those plans
successfully.
In staffing, the manager attempts to find the right person for
each job .
Staffing fixes a managers responsibility to recruit & to make
certain that there is enough manpower available to fill the
various positions needed in the organization.

Directing
This function is called in different names such as Leading,

Directing, Motivating, Actuating & so on.

Directing involves three sub functions they are
Communication, Leadership & Motivation.
Communication is the process of passing information &
understanding from one person to other.
Leadership is the process by which a manager guides &
influences the work of his subordinates.
If the workers of an enterprise are properly motivated they will
pull their weight effectively, give their loyalty to the
enterprise, & carry out their task effectively.

Controlling
The manager must ensure that every thing occurs in

conformity with the plans adopted, the instructions issued &

the principles established.
Controlling Management involves three elements:
Establishing standards of performance.
Measuring current performance & comparing it against the
established standards.
Taking action to correct any performance that does not meet
those standards.

Innovation
Innovation means creating new ideas which may either result

in the development of new products or finding new uses for

the old ones.
Thus, a sales man who can persuade Eskimos to purchase
refrigerators to prevent food from freezing is as much an
innovator as the one who invents a new product.
Innovation not a separate function but only a part of planning.

Representation
Manager has to spend some part of his time in representing his

organization before various groups which have some stake in

the organization.
These stake holders can be government officials, labor unions,
financial institutions, suppliers, customers etc.
A manager must win their support by effectively managing the
social impact of his organization.