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Quick Review
Atoms are made up of three particles:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
electron shells
a) To find out how many electrons an atom
has remember APE MAN
a) Atomic # = # of Protons = # of Electrons
b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy
they possess, and they occur at certain
energy levels or electron shells.
Remember
18
Determining # of Valence
Electrons
The number of valence electrons of an element is
determined by its periodic table group (vertical
column). The number within the unit's place
identifies how many valence electrons are present
in each group.
Lets Practice
Elements in Group 1 should have how
many valence electrons?
Elements in Group 18 should have how
many valence electrons?
What about Group 16???
Pretty Simple, huh?
constant.
Unlike the number of protons, the number
of electrons and neutrons can vary (or be
different) within an element without
changing the identity of the element.
Ex. Carbon (C) ALWAYS has 6 protons, but it
Isotopes
An ISOTOPE is a form of an element that
has a different number of neutrons than
normal
Carbon has three isotopes
Other Isotopes
Most atoms have naturally occurring
isotopes including:
Radon
Potassium
Uranium
When an element is radioactive it means
it has an unstable number of neutrons (an
unstable ISOTOPE)
IONS
An atom usually has a neutral charge. That
means it has the same number of protons as
electrons
Remember, a proton has a positive charge and an
electron has a negative charge
Positive Ions
When an atom LOSES electrons, it
becomes more POSITIVE
Why?
If you are getting rid of negative particles
(electrons) but your number of positive
particles (protons) are staying the same, then
you are becoming more positive overall.
Examples
What would the charge be if:
The neutral form of Gold (Au) lost 4 of its
Negative Ions
When an atom GAINS electrons it becomes
more NEGATIVE
Why?
Electrons have a negative charge, so the
more you have, the more negative you
become
Representing Ions
Ions are represented by placing a
Periodic Table
The elements, as they are found on the
periodic table, are neutral atoms and their
mass is an average of all isotopes
Remember the atomic mass is the average of ALL
isotopes, but when we round it for calculating the
number of neutrons, we always get the most
abundant isotope.
Examples
How many Ps, Ns, and Es does each of the
following have?
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