Atlas A

Lecture Outline

A-1
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Atlas A (Orientation to Anatomy)

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Thyroid cartilage of larynx

Thyroid gland

Anatomical position
Anatomical planes
Directional terms
Body regions
Body cavities and
membranes
Organ systems
Visual survey of the body

Brachial nerve plexus

Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch

Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus

Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart

Lobes of lung

Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine

Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.

Penis (cut)
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum

Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.

Figure A.14
A-2

Anatomical Position
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Person stands erect

Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms, face & eyes facing
forward

Standard frame of reference for

anatomical descriptions &
dissection
McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Figure A.1

A-3

Forearm Positions
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When supinated
palms face forward or
upward
radius & ulna are
parallel

When pronated
palms face rearward
or downward
radius & ulna are
crossed
Figure A.2

A-4

Anatomical Planes and Sections

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Frontal
plane
Transverse
plane

Section implies actual cut or slice to

reveal internal anatomy
Plane implies an imaginary flat
surface passing through the body
Sagittal plane divides body into right
and left regions
median (midsagittal) plane divides body or
organ into equal halves

Sagittal
plane

McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Figure A.3

Frontal (coronal) plane divides body

into anterior (front) & posterior (back)
portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane divides
the body into superior (upper) & inferior
(lower) portions
A-5

Anatomical Sections
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(a) Sagittal section

(b) Frontal section

(c) Transverse section

Sagittal

Frontal
Figure A.4

Transverse
A-6

Directional Terms
Ventral / Dorsal

Anterior /Posterior

Superior / Inferior

Proximal / Distal

Medial / Lateral

Superficial / Deep

Cephalic

Rostral

Caudal

Intermediate directions - often given as combinations of

these terms (ex. dorsolateral)
Different meanings for humans and four-legged animals
anterior = ventral surface of human front of chest & abdomen
anterior (cranial) in a four-legged animal is head end

posterior = dorsal surface of human last in locomotion back side

posterior (caudal) in a four-legged animal is tail end

A-7

Body Regions
Axial region = head, neck, & trunk
thoracic region = trunk above diaphragm
abdominal region = trunk below diaphragm
divided into quadrants
divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid

Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs

upper limb
arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist
(carpal region), hand (manual region), fingers (digits)

lower limb
thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)
A-8

Abdominal Quadrants and

Regions
Quadrants

Right
upper
quadrant

Right
lower
quadrant

Left
upper
quadrant

Left
lower
quadrant

Regions

Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line

Epigastric
region

Lumbar
region

Umbilical
region

Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line

(a)

Hypogastric
region

(c)

Figure A.6

A-9

Anatomical Terminology (ventral)

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Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)

Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)

Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.

Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)

Umbilical r.

Antebrachial r.
(forearm)

Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)

Carpal r. (wrist)

Pubic r.:
Mons pubis

Palmar r. (palm)

External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes

Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)

Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum

(a) Anterior (ventral)

Plantar surface
(sole)

(b) Anterior (ventral)

McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Figure A.5

A-10

Anatomical Terminology (dorsal)

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Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.

Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)

(d) Posterior (dorsal)

McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Figure A.5

A-11

Body Cavities and

Membranes

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Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Major body cavities

cranial cavity
vertebral canal
meninges

Diaphragm

thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity

Lined by serous membranes

(a) Left lateral view

Figure A.7

Filled with viscera

A-12

Cranial Cavity & Vertebral

Canal

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Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

cranial cavity
contains brain
lined with meninges

Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm

vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
lined with meninges

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

(a) Left lateral view

Figure A.7

A-13

Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum - region between lungs
heart, major blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea, & thymus

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Thoracic cavity:

Pericardium around heart

visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid

Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity

Pleura around lungs

visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid

Pelvic cavity

(b) Anterior view

Figure A.7

A-14

Pericardial Membranes
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Parietal pericardium
Pericardial
cavity
Visceral
pericardium

Heart
Diaphragm

(a) Pericardium

Figure A.8a

A-15

Pleural Membranes
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Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura

Lung

Diaphragm

(b) Pleurae

Figure A.8b

A-16

Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Figure A.7
(b) Anterior view

Pelvic brim separates abdominal & pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity contains most digestive organs, kidneys & ureters
pelvic cavity contains rectum, urinary bladder, urethra & reproductive organs

Peritoneum - Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum

- peritoneal cavity
- peritoneal fluid
A-17

Retroperitoneal Organs
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Posterior
Back muscles

2nd lumbar vertebra

Kidney

Spinal cord

Liver
Renal vein
and artery

Fat

Inferior
vena cava

Dorsal mesentery

Aorta

Parietal peritoneum

Intestine

Visceral
peritoneum (serosa)
Peritoneal cavity

Anterior

Omentum or other
ventral mesentery

Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, most of Pancreas, Abdominal portions of Aorta and Inferior Vena
Cava

Figure A.9

A-18

Intraperitoneal Organs
organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to
posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets
dorsal mesentery suspends intestines from posterior
abdominal wall
mesocolon dorsal mesentery of large intestine

ventral mesentery suspends viscera from anterior

abdominal wall
greater omentum inferolateral border of stomach overlies intestines
- fatty apron
lesser omentum superomedial border of stomach to liver

serosa outer layer of an organ formed when the visceral

peritoneum divides and wraps around the organ

A-19

Membranes of Abdominal Cavity

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Diaphragm
Liver
Serosae
Stomach
Greater omentum
Large intestine

Lesser
omentum
Pancreas
Duodenum
Dorsal
mesentery

Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder

Visceral
peritoneum
Rectum

Figure A.10

A-20

Potential Spaces
Found between two membranes normally
pressed firmly together
not physically attached, may separate, and fill with
fluid in unusual situations

Examples
pleural cavity
air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral
pleura forming a space

uterus
in a nonpregnant uterus, mucous membranes of walls are
in contact
A-21

11 Organ Systems
Protection, Support, and Movement
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System

Internal Communications & Integration

Nervous System
Endocrine System

Fluid Transport
Circulatory System
Lymphatic System

Defense
Immune (Lymphatic System)

Input and Output

Respiratory System
Urinary System
Digestive System

Reproduction
Reproductive System

A-22

Organ Systems (1)

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Principal organs:
Skin, hair , nails,
cutaneous glands
Principal functions:
Protection, water retention,
thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous
sensation, nonverbal
communication

Integumentary system

Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages,
ligaments
Principal functions:
Support, movement,
protective enclosure of
viscera, blood formation,
electrolyte and acidbase
balance

Skeletal system

Principal organs:
Skeletal muscles
Principal functions:
Movement, stability ,
communication, control
of body openings, heat
production

Muscular system

Principal organs:
Lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels,
thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions:
Recovery of excess
tissue fluid, detection of
pathogens, production
of immune cells, defense
against disease

Lymphatic system

Figure A.11

A-23

Organ Systems (2)

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Principal organs:
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs

Principal organs:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder , urethra

Principal functions:
Absorption of oxygen,
discharge of carbon
dioxide, acidbase
balance, speech

Principal functions:
Elimination of wastes;
regulation of blood
volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood
cell formation; control
of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification

Respiratory system

Urinary system

Principal organs:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
ganglia
Principal functions:
Rapid internal
communication,
coordination,
motor control
and sensation

Nervous system

Principal organs:
Pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
testes, ovaries
Principal functions:
Hormone production ;
internal chemical
communication and
coordination

Endocrine system

Figure A.11

A-24

Organ Systems (3)

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Principal organs:
Heart, blood vessels

Principal functions:
Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes,
hormones, electrolytes,
heat, immune cells,
and antibodies;
fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance

Circulatory system

Principal organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
Principal functions:
Nutrient breakdown and
absorption. Liver functions
include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins, and
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.

Digestive system

Principal organs:
Testes, epididymides,
spermatic ducts, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
penis

Principal functions:
Production and delivery
of sperm; secretion of
sex hormones

Male reproductive system

Principal organs:
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, mammary
glands

Principal functions:
Production of eggs; site
of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal
nourishment; birth;
lactation; secretion of
sex hormones(

Female reproductive system

Figure A.11

A-25

Superficial Anatomy (female)

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Platysma
Trapezius m.
Clavicle
Deltoid m.
Pectoralis major m.
Cephalic v.
Breast
Biceps brachii m.

External abdominal
oblique m.

Sheath of rectus
abdominis m.
Umbilicus
Anterior superior
spine of ilium

Inguinal ligament
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Sartorius m.

Mons pubis

Femoral vein

Adductor longus m.

Great saphenous vein

Gracilis m.

Vastus lateralis m.
Rectus femoris m.

Figure A.12

A-26

Visceral Anatomy (male) 1

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Internal jugular v.
External jugular v.
Omohyoid m.
Clavicle
Internal
intercostal mm.
External
intercostal mm.
Costal
cartilages
Liver

Common
carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m.
Coracobrachialis m.
Lung
Pericardium
Pleura
Diaphragm
Stomach

Gallbladder
External abdominal
oblique m.
Internal abdominal
oblique m.
Transverse abdominal m.
Greater omentum

Large
intestine

Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum

Femoral n.
Femoral a.
Femoral v.

Figure A.13

A-27

Visceral Anatomy (male) 2

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Thyroid cartilage of larynx

Thyroid gland
Brachial nerve plexus

Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch

Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus

Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart

Lobes of lung

Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine

Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.

Penis (cut)
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum

Figure A.14

A-28

Retroperitoneal Anatomy (female)

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Trachea
Superior vena cava
Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity

Hepatic vv.
Inferior vena cava
Splenic a.
Duodenum

Lung
(sectioned)
Thoracic aorta

Spleen
Adrenal gland
Pancreas

Superior mesenteric v .

Kidney
Superior
mesenteric a.

Abdominal aorta

Inferior
mesenteric a.

Common iliac a.
Ureter
Ovary
Uterine tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor longus m.

Tensor fasciae
latae m. (cut)
Sartorius m. (cut)
Rectus
femoris m. (cut)
Adductor brevis m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor
longus m. (cut)
Vastus lateralis m.
Vastus medialis m.

Figure A.15
A-29

Dorsal Body Wall (female)

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Right common carotid a.

Right subclavian a.

Left common
carotid a.
Left subclavian a.

Brachiocephalic trunk
External
intercostal m.
Ribs
Internal
intercostal m.

Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm

Abdominal aorta

Quadratus
lumborum m.

Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Iliac crest

Psoas major m.

Ilium

Iliacus m.

Sacrum

Gluteus medius m.

Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Brim of pelvis

Rectum
Vagina
Urethra

Adductor magnus m.

Femur
Gracilis m.
Adductor longus m.

Adductor brevis m.

Figure A.16

A-30

Median Section of the Head

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Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum

Frontal sinus

Brainstem

Nasal cavity

Cerebellum
Palate
Oral cavity
Foramen magnum
of skull

Tongue

Spinal cord

Epiglottis
Pharynx

Vertebral column
Vocal cord
Larynx
Intervertebral discs

Trachea
Esophagus

Figure A.17
A-31
McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Dissection of Thoracic Cavity

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Internal jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Nerves
Lungs

Ribs

Heart

Diaphragm

Figure A.18
A-32
McGraw-Hill Companies

Transverse Section of Thorax

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Anterior
Pectoralis
major m.

Fat of breast
Sternum

Ventricles
of heart

Ribs

Pericardial
cavity

Right lung
Esophagus

Atria of heart

Aorta
Vertebra

Left lung

Spinal cord
Pleural cavity
Posterior
McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Figure A.19
A-33

Dissection of Abdomen
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Lung
Diaphragm
Transverse colon
Gallbladder

Small intestine
Mesenteric
arteries and veins
Mesentery
Descending colon
Cecum

Figure A.20

Sigmoid colon

McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

A-34

Transverse Section of Abdomen

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Duodenum

Anterior

Stomach

Subcutaneous
fat
Rectus
abdominis m.

Large
intestine

Superior mesenteric
artery and vein

Pancreas

Inferior vena cava

Liver

Kidney

Peritoneal cavity
Perirenal
fat of
kidney
Erector
spinae m.

Peritoneum
Aorta
Vertebra
Posterior

Spinal cord

McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Figure A.21

A-35

Median Section of Male Pelvic

Region
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Urinary bladder

Sigmoid colon

Pubic symphysis

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Penis:
Root
Bulb

Rectum
Anal canal

Shaft:
Corpus
cavernosum

Anus

Corpus
spongiosum

Epididymis
Scrotum

Glans
Testis

Figure A.22

(a) Male
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

A-36

Median Section of Female Pelvic

Region
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Vertebra

Red bone marrow

Mesentery

Intervertebral disc

Small intestine

Sacrum
Sigmoid colon
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Urethra
Vagina

Rectum
Anal canal
Anus

Labium minus
Prepuce
Labium majus

Figure A.22

(b) Female
McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

A-37