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Lecture 37
Heat of Reaction
1st Law Analysis of Combustion Systems
C8H18
PTA = 150%
Combustion
Chamber
Products (p)
Combustion
Chamber
Products (p)
reactants combustion
(air and fuel) products
Enthalpy of Formation
The enthalpy of a compound at the standard reference state
Heat released in an exothermic reaction (or absorbed
h f0 in an endothermic reaction) when a compound is
formed from its elements. (Elements and compound at the SRS)
Example Methane
Q&
25C
1 atm
2H2
CH4
25C
1 atm
Conclusion: EES uses the SRS as the datum state for enthalpy for
the ideal gases! Therefore, enthalpy of formation values can be
calculated from EES using the ideal gas substances (except AIR)
8
hi T h f0,i h i T h i TSRS
10
hi T h f0,i c p ,i T TSRS
2. If the constant heat capacity assumption is not accurate enough,
then use the ideal gas tables (Table C.16c). In this case the datum
state for the table does not have to match the enthalpy of
formation.
3. Use a set of property tables for all components that has all
enthalpy values referenced to the SRS. Does such a thing exist?
11
All other ideal gases in EES (except AIR) say the same thing!
Significance: Combustion calculations just became EESy!
13
Heat of Reaction
Consider an aergonic combustion process as shown below
Q&
Fuel
Reactants (R)
Air
Combustion
Chamber
Products (P)
i
n&
Q&
q
hi
hi
&fuel
n&fuel
P n
R
n&fuel
14
Heat of Reaction
n&i
i
n&
Q&
q
hi
hi
&fuel
n&fuel
P n
R
n&fuel
The molar flow rate ratios are the molar coefficients from the
balanced combustion reaction! Therefore,
Q&
q
i hi i hi
n&fuel
P
R
15
C8 H18
TR TSRS
PTA 100%
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
Q&
Heating Values
C8 H18
TR TSRS
Combustion
Chamber
PTA 100%
The system boundary is drawn
around the combustion chamber. Applying the First Law
results in,
Products
TP TSRS
i
n&
Q&
hi
hi
&
&
&
n fuel
P n fuel
R
n fuel
Number of moles of
reactant per mole of fuel
Q&
Heating Values
C8 H18
TR TSRS
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
i
n&
Q&
hi
hi
&
&
&
n fuel
P n fuel
R
n fuel
Observations ...
Q&
q
i hi i hi
&
n fuel
P
R
Notice: PTA = 100% means
stoichiometric combustion
Q&
Heating Values
C8 H18
TR TSRS
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
n&fuel
Q&
q
1h f ,CO2 2 h f ,H2O h f ,C8H18
n&fuel
19
Q&
Heating Values
C8 H18
TR TSRS
PTA 100%
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
Q&
q
1h f ,CO2 2 h f ,H 2O h f ,C8H18
n&fuel
Now we have an interesting problem. Is the water liquid or gas (or both)?
20
Q&
Heating Values
C8 H18
TR TSRS
PTA 100%
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
Q&
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ
8 393.522
9 241.827
208.447
5,116.172
n&fuel
kmol
kmol
kmol
kmol
MJ
q
8 393.522
285.838
208.447
5,512.271
n&fuel
kmol
kmol
kmol
kmol
21
Q&
Heating Values
All vapor water ...
Q&
MJ
q
5,116.172
n&fuel
kmol
C8 H18
TR TSRS
PTA 100%
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
Observations ...
1. The reactants and products are at the SRS
2. The reaction occurs with PTA = 100% (i = i )
3. The difference between the HHV and the LHV is the
enthalpy of vaporization of water!
22
Heating Values
q
1 mol fuel
TSRS, PSRS
TSRS
PSRS
Products
LHV
(vapor H2O)
H2O h fg ,H2O
Stoichiometric air
Products
HHV
(liquid H2O)
23
Heating Values
The heating values represent the maximum possible heat
transfer that can occur per mole of fuel.
The reactants and products are at the SRS
The HHV represents fully condensed water vapor
The LHV represents all water vapor
These values provide a basis for the combustion efficiency,
comb
24
Q&
Example
C8 H18
TR TSRS
Combustion
Chamber
PTA 100%
Back to our problem ... Is there
liquid water in the products at the SRS? If so, how much?
9
0.1406
8 9 47
25
Products
TP TSRS
Q&
Example
C8 H18
TR TSRS
Combustion
Chamber
Products
TP TSRS
nv
8 nv 47
26
Pw 0.03142 bar
0.03101
P 1.01325 bar