Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sidra Zahid
Lecturer
Department of Engineering Sciences
National University of Sciences and
Technology
PN Engineering College, PNS Jauhar,
Karachi
No.
Course Outline
Contact
Hours
18
1.
2.
18
3.
18
Assessment
Assignments & Quizzes
One-hour tests
Final
20%
30%
50%
Pre Requisite
Basic courses of Thermodynamics are the
pre requisite for this course. Students are
expected to refresh their basic concepts in
thermodynamics themselves from any
suitable book. Topic 1-3 and 1-4 in ch1 of
heat and mass transfer by Younus Cengel is
also recommended.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
In your own words, briefly state the problem, the key
information given, and the quantities to be found.
Step 2: Schematic
Draw a realistic sketch of the physical system involved,
and list the relevant information on the figure.
Step 3: Assumptions
State any appropriate assumptions made to simplify the
problem to make it possible to obtain a solution. Assume
reasonable values for missing quantities that are
necessary.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 4: Physical Laws
Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and principles
(such as the conservation of energy), and reduce them
to their simplest form by utilizing the assumptions
made.
Step 5: Properties
Determine the unknown properties at known states
necessary to solve the problem from property relations
or tables. List the properties separately, and indicate
their source, if applicable.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 6: Calculations
Substitute the known quantities into the simplified
relations and perform the calculations to determine
the unknowns. Pay particular attention to the units
and unit cancellations, and remember that a
dimensional quantity without a unit is meaningless.
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Check to make sure that the results obtained are
reasonable and intuitive, and verify the validity of
the questionable assumptions.
Introduction
Thermodynamics and heat transfer
Modes of heat transfer and applications
Brief description of conduction, convection and radiation
Thermal conductivity
Mechanism of conduction in solids, liquids and gases
General equations for conduction Heat transfer and
temperature distribution in plane and composite walls
Heat transfer and temperature distribution in cylinders and
spheres with insulation
Critical thickness of insulation
Heat transfer and temperature in planes cylinders and
spheres with internal heat generation
Thermal Sciences
We are normally
interested in how long
it takes for the hot
coffee in a thermos to
cool to a certain
temperature, which
cannot be determined
from a thermodynamic
analysis alone.
The laws of
thermodynamics lay the
framework for the science of
heat transfer.
The first law requires that
the rate of energy transfer
into a system be equal to
the rate of increase of the
energy of that system.
The second law requires
that heat be transferred in
the direction of decreasing
temperature
Thermal
Conductivity
Specific Heat (Cp):
A measure of a materials
ability to store thermal energy. For example,
Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg C for water and
Cp = 0.45 kJ/kg C for iron at room temperature,
which indicates that water can store almost 10 times
the energy that iron can per unit mass.
Thermal Conductivity (k) : A measure of a
materials ability to conduct heat. For example,
k = 0.608 W/m C for water and
k = 80.2 W/m C for iron at room temperature,
which indicates that iron conducts heat more than
100 times faster than water can.
Thermal
Conductivity
L
k Q
A(T1 T2 )
Thermal Conductivity of a material can be defined
as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness
of the material per unit area per unit temperature
difference.
A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that
the material is a good heat conductor, and
A low value indicates that the material is a poor
heat conductor or insulator.
Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal
Conductivity
Steady operating
conditions exist during
the entire night since the
surface temperatures of
the roof remain constant
at the specified values.
Thermal Diffusivity
Watts
m 2 oC
Free Convection
Hot water rises,
cools,
and falls
Free Convection
Heated air rises,
cools, then falls
Free Convection
What if coils were at
the bottom?
Natural Convection
Very hot, low-density
air is buoyed upward,
carrying thermal
energy with it.
Absorptivity
Another important radiation property of a surface is its
absorptivity ,
which is the fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface
that is absorbed by the surface.
Like emissivity, its value is in the range 0 1. A blackbody
absorbs the entire radiation incident on it. That is, a blackbody is a
perfect absorber ( = 1) as it is a perfect emitter.
The rate at which a surface absorbs radiation is determined from: