Welcome to my Presentation on

Truss & Frames

E
C
6
Presented
To
1
4

Sabreena Nasrin

B.Sc. Engg.(Civil), BUET

Lecturer at Ahsanullah University of
Science & Technology
&

Munshi Galib Muktadir

B.Sc. Engg.(Civil), BUET

Lecturer at Ahsanullah University of

Science & Technology

Presented By

Md. Neshar Ahmed

Student ID: 10.01.03.151

4th Year, 2nd semester
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science &
Technology

Truss
A truss is a structure composed of slender members

joined together at their end points. Planar trusses lie

in a single plane. Typically a truss is a joint framed
structure which is designed to sustain inclined,
vertical or horizontal loads occurring at or between
its points of supports and has the following
characteristics:
Straight Members
Members connected at their
intersections by means of
frictionless pins or hinges
Members so arranged that the
truss is loaded only at the joints
Typical figure of Truss &
Frames

Components of Truss

Basic Types of Truss

Pitched Truss- Characterized by its triangular

shape. It is most often used for roof

construction.

Parallel Chord Truss- Its named from its

parallel top and bottom chords. It is often

used for roof construction.

Various Types of Truss

Flat Truss

Queen Post Truss

King Post Truss

Lenticular Truss

Bowstring Truss

Lattice Truss

Calculations for Analysis

The analysis of trusses is usually based on the
following simplifying assumptions:
The centroidal axis of each member coincides with the line

connecting the centers of the adjacent members and the

members only carry axial force.
All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless
hinges in plane trusses.
All loads and support reactions are applied only at the joints.

Method of Joints
Method of Joints: The axial forces in the members of a
statically determinate truss are determined by considering the
equilibrium of its joints.

Tensile(T) axial member force is indicated on the

joint by an arrow pulling away from the joint.
Compressive(C) axial member force is indicated
by an arrow pushing toward the joint.

Truss Design
Considerations
Effect of tension vs. compression on member sizes
Potential for stress reversal
Potential buckling failure modes and approaches to
preventing
Overall lateral stability (lateral- torsional buckling)
Member redundancy: Determinate vs. Indeterminate Trusses

Truss Determinacy Formula

n = 2j 3 for determinacy
n = Number of truss bars
j = Number of joints
n > 2j -3 indeterminate
n < 2j -3 unstable

Some renowned Trussed Structures

Eifel Tower

Frames
Multi forced members are generally known as

Frames.
Frames are commonly used to support various

external loads.

Figure of Frames

Advantageous features of Framed

structure
1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry consist of
only columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the
main structural elements
2. Very rigid and stable able to resist tremendous vertical (dead
load) and lateral loads (wind)
3. Reduced dead load absent of thick shear wall etc.
4. Roofed over at an earlier stage every floor slab being finished
becomes an cover to protect the lower floors from sun and rain
5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas without obstacle between
columns
6. Flexible utilization of space

Advantages features of Framed

structure
(continued)
7. Adaptable to almost any shape

8. Easily altered within limits of frame regular or non-regular

grid system is very adaptable in spatial arrangement
9. Offsite preparation possible especially for prefabricated
construction using pre-cast concrete or structural steel elements
10. May be designed to accommodate movement
11. Acceptable distribution of natural light window openings can
be provided easily on eternal walls
12. Easy to design structurally including computer design
again, due to simple geometry

Principle factors affecting choice of

frame
Structural Design consideration

Foundation consideration
Standardization of members or design
Span and floor loads
Fire resistance requirement
Maintenance consideration
Integration of architectural & structural elements

Features of In-situ concrete frame

construction
Construction aspects
1. In-situ concrete is inconsistent in quality in performance

-mixing, delivery, placing and compacting of concrete

require very tight quality control
2. Overlapping formwork, steel fixing and concreting
process make site operations more difficult these works are
to be done almost at the same time at the same location
3. Formwork erection is often timely, expensive,
environmental unfriendly and labour intensive
4. Increase a lot of wet-work difficult to maintain site
in a clean and tidy environment

Analysis for Frame

Draw the FBD of the frame or machine and its

members as necessary.
Then identify any two-forced members
For a joint with more than two members or an

external force, it is advisable to draw a FBD of

the pin.

Some Examples Framed Structures

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUSSES AND

FRAMES
Trusses

Frames

Members are subjected

to tension/compression
only

At least one member is

subjected to bending,
shear or torsion

Composed of rods

Composed of bars

Usually more simple to

calculate, more weight
effective

Usually more simple to

manufacture, and to
place in tight layout

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUSSES AND

FRAMES

Connection by
riveting,
moment-resistant

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUSSES AND

FRAMES

Connectio
n by
welding,
momentresistant

Advantages of Truss & Frames

Cost Effective
Can be installed quickly even without heavy

equipment to lift it into place

Unique properties of a triangular object allow
trusses to span across longer distances
A triangular truss maintains its shape,
preventing shift and sag. Thus giving stability to
the structure.
The shape of a triangle allows all of the weight
applied to the sides to be redistributed down
and away from the centre.