ENVIRONMENTAL

CHEMISTRY

Schedule
Class A: Monday (07.30-09.10)
Class B: Tuesday (07.30-09.10)
Int Class: Friday (13.30-15.10)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Dr. Adhitasari Suratman, M.Si

Dr. Eko Sugiharto
Dr. Nurul Hidayat Aprilita, M.Si
Prof. Dr. Endang Tri Wahyuni, M.S.

REFERENCE

Manahan, S.E., 2003,

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY,
8th Ed., Lewis Publ., Boca Raton

OUTLINE
Environmental science, technology and
chemistry
*Definition of environmental science, ecology, environmental
chemistry, environmental toxicology
*Relation between water, soil, air and living organism
*Environmental pollution and the effect
*Technology for environment problem solving

Behaviour chemical compounds in environment

*Concept of elementary cycles
*Energy cycles in environment

OUTLINE
Atmosphere chemistry
*Composition of atmosphere
*Atmosphere stratification
*Energy transfer in atmosphere
*Chemical and biochemical process in atmosphere

Particles in atmosphere
*Chemical process for inorganic particles formation
*Toxic metal
*Radioactive particles

OUTLINE
Organic Pollutant
Anorganic Pollutant
Global Issue
*Green house gases and global warming
*Acid Rain
*Ozone depletion

OUTLINE
Fundamental of Aquatic Chemistry
*Water chemistry and hydrology cycle
*Compartements of the hydrosphere
*Aquatic chemistry
*Alkalinity and acidity
*Complexation and chelation process

Oxidation Reduction Process

*Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

OUTLINE
Interactions with other phases
*Chemical interactions involving solids, gases and water
*Formation of sediments
*Solubilities of gases
*Colloidal particles in water
*Surface sorption by solids
*Ion exchange with bottom sediments

Mikroorganism in aquatic life

*Biochemistry process
*Biodegradation of organic compound

OUTLINE
Water pollution
*Sources, types and effect of water pollution
*Anorganic polutant
*Organic polutant

Water and waste water treatment

 Environmental Science
Ecology
Environmental Chemistry
Toxicological Chemistry

What is Environmental Science ?

Environmental Science will be

defined as the study of earth, air,
water, and living environments, and
the effects of technology on it

Environmental Science
Field of knowledge that studies of how humans
and other species interact with one another and
with the nonliving environment. It integrates
knowledge from a wide range of disciplines,
including physics, chemistry, biology, geology,
geography, economics, political science,
sociology, psychology, and philosophy.

What is Ecology ?

Ecology is
the study of environmental factors
that affect organisms
and how organisms interact
with these factors
and with each other

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a system where
populations of species group together
into communities and interact with each
other and the abiotic environment.

What is Environmental Chemistry ?

Environmental Chemistry may be defined
as the study of the sources, reactions,
transport, effects, and fates of chemical
species in water, soil, air and living
environments and the effects of
technology on it

What is Toxicological Chemistry ?

Toxicological Chemistry is
the chemistry of toxic substances
with emphasis upon their interactions
with biologic tissue and living
organisms

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

ANTHROSPHERE

GEOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the vast gaseous envelope
of air that surrounds the Earth.
Its boundaries are not easily defined.
The atmosphere contains a complex system of
gases and suspended particles that behave in
many ways like fluids.
Many of its constituents are derived from the
Earth by way of chemical and biochemical
reactions.

Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere describes the waters of the
Earth. Water exists on the Earth in various stores,
including the: atmosphere, oceans, lakes,
rivers, glaciers, snowfields and groundwater.
Water moves from one store to another by way of:
evaporation, condensation, precipitation,
deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation,
transpiration, and groundwater flow.

Geosphere
Geosphere is the solid inorganic portion of
the Earth (composed of rocks, minerals, and
elements).
It can be regarded as the outer surface and
interior of the solid Earth.

Biosphere
Zone of the Earth where life is found. The
biosphere consists of all living things, plant and
animal. This zone is characterized by life in
diversity and ingenious complexity. Cycling of
matter in this sphere involves not only metabolic
reactions in organisms, but also many abiotic
chemical reactions. Also called ecosphere.

Anthrosphere
Part of environment that is made or modified by
humans for use in human activities

Three main types of

environmental pollution
1.

Air pollution

2.
Water
pollution
3.
Land
pollution

AIR POLLUTION
The

main sources of air pollution can be

generally classified as:
Inorganic and Organic pollutants.
Gaseous inorganic pollutants enter the
atmosphere as a result of human activities
Those added in the greatest quantities
are:
CO, SO2, NO, and NO2.
Other inorganic pollutant gases include:
NH3, N2O, N2O5, H2S, Cl2, HCl, and HF.

Some of the effects of air pollution

Ozone layer depletion

Global warming
and
the greenhouse
Acid deposition
effect

Acid deposition
This

is a term used to describe all precipitation

(rain or snow) which is made acidic by acids
stronger than aqueous CO2.
The gases SO2 and NO2, mainly emitted from
fossil fuel combustion, are major contributors
towards acid rain since these gases are oxidized
to acids by the oxygen in the atmosphere:

Water Pollution
The

quality of drinking water is very

important to human welfare. However,
pollution of water results from various
sources with serious health effects.
Some water pollution sources are:
1. Heavy metals
2. Detergents and fertilizers
3. Acid-polluted water (pH<3)
4. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
5. Raw sewage

Some of the effects of water pollution

1.

Heavy metals: Metals such as Cd, Pb and

Hg
These metals can prove poisonous to
humans Cadmium and mercury can
cause kidney damage,
lead poisoning can cause damage to
the kidneys, liver and brain

Some of the effects of water pollution

2. Detergents and fertilizers: These may
contain phosphates as additives

Eutrophication the development of higher life

forms, such as fish.
(Reduction of the dissolved oxygen
concentration of the water).

3. Acid-polluted water (pH<3): Acid mine water

principally contains sulfuric acid produced by
the oxidation of FeS2

Some of the effects of water pollution

4. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls): The
organic compound are used as fluids in
transformers and capacitors.
PCBs can cause skin disorders in humans
and may be carcinogenic to humans.

Some of the effects of water pollution

5. Raw sewage:
When
a source for drinking water
becomes contaminated with untreated
sewage it is possible to spread diseases
through the water like:
Giardiasis, a diarrheal disease caused by
a parasitic protazoa, Giardia lamblia.
These types of diseases can also be
caused by bacteria, viruses, and other
microorganisms.

LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution involves disposal of hazardous
waste on, or within a hole in, the ground.

Some of the effects of land pollution

Problems associated with pollution include:
Volatile waste may lead to unpleasant
odours
The

decomposition of garbage may release

methane and other gases for many years.

Also,

rain may dissolve (leach) buried toxic

material the resulting solution can
contaminate drinking water supplies via
underground water courses.