CFX12 Multiphase 03 Modeling Approaches

CFX Multiphase 12.
0
Lecture 3
Modeling Approaches for

Multiphase Flow
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overview
Training Manual
Full multiphase analyses

Eulerian-Eulerian: transport equation for volume fraction via continuity
equation for the dispersed phase; momentum equation for phases
Eulerian-Lagrangian: dispersed phases tracked as discrete trajectories;
ordinary differential equation (F = ma) for particle trajectory
Simplified multicomponent approaches

algebraic slip or drift flux model
equilibrium model for two-phase fluids with phase change
momentum equation for the single phase; either transport equations
(algebraic slip) or algebraic equations (equilibrium model) for the species mass fractions
representing the different phases

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Modeling Approaches
Training Manual
Different approaches can be used to model multiphase flows. The

suitability of a particular approach is determined by the nature
of the multiphase flow and the relevant physical phenomena.
Simplified multicomponent approaches
equilibrium model for two-phase fluids with phase change
mass transfer is assumed to be fast
volume fractions are determined as algebraic expressions based on

the energy of the mixture and the liquid and vapor enthalpies
mixture properties are calculated given the volume fractions
and the liquid and vapor properties
algebraic slip or drift flux model

particles are assumed to reach their terminal velocity instantaneously (small
particles, nondrag forces negligible)
algebraic slip phases are modeled as mass fractions
Full multiphase analyses

Eulerian-Eulerian: transport equation for volume fraction
Eulerian-Lagrangian: dispersed phases tracked as discrete trajectories
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Eulerian-Eulerian Approach
Training Manual
Phases form interpenetrating continua

Phases mixed at length scales larger than molecules. However, mixing
is at scales smaller than we wish to resolve.
The phases share the same volume in space. Each phase is assumed
present in each control volume (cell) and assigned a volume fraction
equal to the fraction of the volume occupied. Volume fractions will be
determined by solution of the continuity equation for each phase.
In general, each phase has its own field variables. Variables which
are assumed to be homogeneous will be shared between phases
The phases are coupled by inter-phase models for energy, additional
variable (mass), and momentum transfer.
Inter-phase transfer models are provided as empirical input to the
problem specification and are highly problem dependent.

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Eulerian-Eulerian Approach
Training Manual
Continuity, momentum, energy, and general scalar conservation

equations for each phase.
N sets of coupled partial differential equations
(u, v, w, p, T, vf)1
(u, v, w, p, T, vf)2
(u, v, w, p, T, vf)N
6 + 6 + unknowns
5 + 5 + 5 equations
vf1+vf2 + = 1
p1=p2=pN
In the homogeneous treatment, the two phases are assumed to share
all field variables except for volume fraction - less computational
overhead, often used for free surface problems
In the inhomogeneous treatment, only the pressures are shared
between phases
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Effect of Averaging
Training Manual
Generally, we assume that any given cell contains a number of

dispersed phase particles, droplets, or bubbles. The amount of a
dispersed phase contained in any given cell is quantified
according to its volume fraction.
We are introducing phase-weighted averaging
Discrete particles, droplets, ... statistic probability (volume fraction)
Interface structure not available after averaging
1 0.5

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Eulerian Transport Equation

Training Manual
Transport equation for a general variable. These equations have the

same form as they would for a single phase flow except that they
have been weighted by volume fraction r and interphase transfer terms
have been added:
( r ) ( rU r ) r S T
t
There are two sets of source terms on the right-hand side. The first is a
standard volume fraction weighted source term. The second represents
interphase transfer.
For two phase flows:
T1 c12 (2 1 )
where
c12 (2 1 ) is the interphase transfer term due to exchange of
energy (heat) or momentum (drag)
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Continuity and Momentum

Training Manual
Phasic continuity equation:

NP
( r ) ( rU ) ( m m )
t
1
Momentum equation:
( r U ) [r { U U (U [U ]T )}]
t
r ( B p ) c U U
NP
A variety of models for the interphase drag coefficient are built into
ANSYS CFX and users can specify their own model.
The continuity equation given above shows interphase mass
transfer terms on the right hand side.
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MUSIG Model
Training Manual
In the standard Eulerian-Eulerian implementation, a dispersed phase

is characterized by a single diameter. In many cases, for fluid
droplets and bubbles, the dispersed phase diameter may change due
to coalescence or dispersion induced by fluid forces.
MUSIG Model
Multiple Size Group model
The dispersed phase is divided up into a number of size groups
Accounts for coalescence and breakup in polydispersed phases using
population balance approach
In the default homogeneous treatment, all size groups are
assumed to move with the same velocity
The distribution of the dispersed phase among the different size groups is
predicted by the simulation, which allows the local mean size and
interfacial area to change in response to fluid forces and the processes of
coalescence and dispersion
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Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach
Training Manual
In the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, the continuous phase is

treated in the manner previously described, but one or more
dispersed phases are tracked as a number of representative
particle trajectories
For an Eulerian phase, we solve PDEs for all dependent variables

(velocity, temperature, etc.)
For a Lagrangian phase, we solve ODEs for the motion of

particles which are treated as moving mass points:
F = ma = m d2X/dt2
Eulerian and Lagrangian phases still interact by exchanging

momentum, energy, and mass
Changes in particle size are convenient to model with the

Lagrangian approach
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Force Balance on a Single Particle
Training Manual
Particle momentum equation

balance of aerodynamic and body forces

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Single Particle Forces
Drag
Buoyancy
System rotation
Added mass
Pressure gradient
Basset

Training Manual
1
FD C D C AP U P U C U P U C
2
r
r
FB M P P C P g

FR 2 U P P rP P
r
r
r
1
FVM CVM M C dU C dt dU P dt
2
r
r
FP M C dU C dt M C P C
r
FBH History of acceleration
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Algebraic Slip Model

Training Manual
Simplified multicomponent multiphase model

Use algebraic equation for slip/drift velocities
See solver theory documentation for derivation
Advantages:
Reduced CPU time
Reduced numerical complexity
Limitations:
Dispersed phase must be of low density or small diameter
(assumes terminal velocity is reached instantaneously)
Nondrag forces are negligible

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Algebraic Slip Model in ANSYS CFX

Training Manual
Implementation in ANSYS CFX

Single-phase multi-component model
Set continuous phase as constraint component
Set each dispersed phase as Algebraic Slip components. Choose
either:
Drag force balance - slip velocity calculated by solver, given a

particular drag law (eg, Schiller Naumann).
Slip velocity if you want to use a custom drag law

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Training Manual
Turbulent dispersion
Modeled using standard gradient diffusion hypothesis, controlled by
turbulent Prandtl number
Energy equation consistency

Energy transported by drift flows is also modeled.
Wall deposition
Walls can be set as deposition walls. Dispersed phases are
removed from system, replaced by constraint component.
Deposition rate available for post-processing.

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Training Manual
Post-processing variables:
Mass fraction
Volume fraction
Deposition rate
Slip velocity
Drift velocity
Model restrictions
The continuous and dispersed phases cannot themselves be
variable composition mixtures

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Algebraic Slip Model Example

Training Manual
Example:
L-bend, joined by GGI
Gravity in x-direction
Deposition wall on side and bottom
Three particle groups:
Small: 1.E-6 [m]
Medium: 1.E-5 [m]
Large: 1.E-4 [m]
Schiller-Naumann drag law

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Training Manual

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Training Manual

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Training Manual

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Training Manual

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Equilibrium Multiphase Models

Training Manual
In some cases, we may not be interested in a detailed description

of the two-phase flow behavior, but we would like to use accurate
properties for the two-phase mixture
An example would be flow of wet steam or a refrigerant vapor.
In the equilibrium approach we assume that the two-phase mixture is in

equilibrium with the quality of the mixture determined by the enthalpy of
the mixture and the enthalpies of the individual liquid phases:
x = (hmixture - hl)/(hv - hl)
The saturation properties of the mixture must be defined by creating a

Homogeneous Binary Mixture

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Equilibrium Multiphase Models

Training Manual
The homogenous binary mixture defines the saturation

properties of the two components (i.e. liquid and vapor) which
comprise the mixture
The homogeneous binary mixture is used as the single fluid
in the definition of the flow domain
One of the components (i.e. liquid or vapor) is specified as the
equlibrium fraction for which a transport equation is solved while the
other component is set as the equilibrium constraint.

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Equilibrium Model Example

Training Manual
Importing materials from the IAPWS Model library (Water/Steam)

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Training Manual

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Training Manual
Homogeneous
Binary Mixture

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Training Manual
Homogeneous
Binary Mixture

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IAPWS Properties of Water and Steam

Training Manual
IAPWS-IF97 equation-of-state first implemented in ANSYS CFX 11.0

Reference: W. Wagner, A. Kruse:
The Industrial Standard IAPWS-IF97: Properties of Water and Steam, Springer, Berlin, 1998

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1.
subcooled water
2.
supercritical water/steam
3.
superheated steam
4.
saturation data
5.
high temperature steam

(currently not implemented in
IAPWS library in CFX, but
properties at high T, low P can
be evaluated with Ideal Gas
Law)
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IAPWS Properties of Water and Steam

Training Manual
Liquid water and steam selectable from

IAPWS database
CFX uses a look-up table approach for
speed of computation so an appropriate
(T,p) range should be specified and
extrapolation or clipping should be
selected for conditions that lie outside
the range
Library contains data for density, heat
capacity, thermal conductivity, and
viscosity of phases
IAPWS library includes entry for
Homogeneous Binary Mixture for
water/steam pairs as well:
Acts a placeholder for phase pair related
properties, i.e. Tsat=Tsat(p) and =(T)

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Extrapolation and Clipping

Training Manual
If table range values are poorly chosen, then properties may be based on clipped
or extrapolated property data, which can be bad in terms of both robustness and
accuracy
Sometimes the out-of-range errors occur near the start of the run, but go away as
a converged solution is approached. In other cases, if there are conditions in the
simulation which lie outside the table range, the out-of-range messages can
persist through to the final solution
The solver will write out diagnostic messages to the output file with appropriate
suggestions when clipping or extrapolation takes place:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
****** Notice ******
|
| While evaluating Water.Density,
|
| Water.Static Temperature on domain Default Domain
|
| went outside of its lower limit. Its minimum value was
|
| 3.7300E+02. The bounds error was handled by clipping.
|
| If this situation persists, consider increasing the table range.
|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

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Importing Materials from the IAPWS Library

Training Manual
To import materials from the IAPWS,

right-click on Materials and choose
to Import from Library. On the
Import CCL form, scroll through the list
of available libraries and choose the
IAPWS library.
There are several predefined liquid,
vapor, and homogeneous binary
mixture materials in the IAPWS library.
Since all materials in
the library obey the IAPWS EOS, the
different materials really just
correspond to different preset
temperature and pressure
ranges. The table range can always be
modified in CFX-Pre, even for one of
the predefined materials.

IAPWS Table Ranges

#
Liquid
Vapor
T (K)
P (Pa)
273-450 620100K
373-700 100K-500K
273-550 100200K
420-900 500K-1000K
450-900 100K-30000K
HBM
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Training Manual

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CFX12 Multiphase 03 Modeling Approaches

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CFX Multiphase 12.

Modeling Approaches for

Full multiphase analyses

Simplified multicomponent approaches

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Different approaches can be used to model multiphase flows. The

mass transfer is assumed to be fast

volume fractions are determined as algebraic expressions based on

algebraic slip or drift flux model

Full multiphase analyses

Phases form interpenetrating continua

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Continuity, momentum, energy, and general scalar conservation

Generally, we assume that any given cell contains a number of

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Eulerian Transport Equation

Transport equation for a general variable. These equations have the

Continuity and Momentum

Phasic continuity equation:

In the standard Eulerian-Eulerian implementation, a dispersed phase

In the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, the continuous phase is

For an Eulerian phase, we solve PDEs for all dependent variables

For a Lagrangian phase, we solve ODEs for the motion of

Eulerian and Lagrangian phases still interact by exchanging

Changes in particle size are convenient to model with the

Force Balance on a Single Particle

Particle momentum equation

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Single Particle Forces

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model

Simplified multicomponent multiphase model

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model in ANSYS CFX

Implementation in ANSYS CFX

Drag force balance - slip velocity calculated by solver, given a

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model in ANSYS CFX

Energy equation consistency

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model in ANSYS CFX

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model Example

Schiller-Naumann drag law

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model Example

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model Example

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model Example

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Algebraic Slip Model Example

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Equilibrium Multiphase Models

In some cases, we may not be interested in a detailed description

An example would be flow of wet steam or a refrigerant vapor.

In the equilibrium approach we assume that the two-phase mixture is in

The saturation properties of the mixture must be defined by creating a

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Equilibrium Multiphase Models

The homogenous binary mixture defines the saturation

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Equilibrium Model Example

Importing materials from the IAPWS Model library (Water/Steam)