Konsep

Fundamental di
dalam Rekayasa
Sistem
Fundamental Concepts in Systems
Engineering

Introduction
The civil engineering discipline:
founded on a rich and solid heritage that has shaped our current technical knowledge and
practices in the profession.
Its evolution and transformation were driven largely by social and economic necessities and
developments, as well as advances in other fields and disciplines related to civil engineering.
ongoing and anticipated social and economic patterns will generate even greater demand for
new or improved existing civil engineering systems in the face of diminishing natural
resources and funding uncertainty for systems construction, replacement, renewal, and
operations.
Continuing advances in material science, information technology, operations research
techniques, and other fields continue to offer opportunities for efficient resolution of some of
these challenges.
Thus, civil engineers are expected to continue drawing upon the knowledge from
other fields and to leverage this knowledge to enhance the development of civil
engineering systems.

What is a System? (1)

Definition of a system:
a collection of regularly interacting or interdependent interrelated objects
and/or rules , real or abstract, that collectively respond to some external
action or serve a certain function.
a construct of different elements that, when combined, produce results not
achievable by the elements acting individually. The value that is intrinsic in
the system in its entirety, beyond that is contributed independently by its
constituent elements, is attributable to the interrelationships between and
among the elements.
The terms that are commonly appear in the definitions of a system:
purpose, role of components, integration of components, working together,
boundary conditions, stochastic nature of inputs and outcomes.

What is a System? (2)

Purpose
Every system has a raison-detre (a reason for its existence).
Represents at least one benefit to the system owner, the system
user, or the community. No system exists for its own sake.
Every civil engineering facility has a specific purpose, and
the reason for its existence arises from values, concerns,
and wishes of its stakeholders, which in turn translate
into more specific statements such as the core mission of
the system owner or operator, as well as the goals,
objectives, and ultimately performance measures for the
system.

What is a System? (3)

Role of Components
Each component of a system should have explicitly specified
and bounded capabilities.
Each component of a system should be expected to play a
role toward the accomplishment of some overall goal.
Thereby it is possible to analyze, design, fabricate, test,
verify, and validate each component, either as an individual,
stand-alone entity, or as a part of an integrated system.
In any branch of civil engineering, each facility consists
of components, some physical, others abstract.

What is a System? (4)

Integration of Components
Refers to the assemblage of the components (physical or
abstract, or both) of a system
Characterized by the hierarchies and synergies among these
components.
The components must also be interoperable, which means that
they must be compatible with each other in a desired manner,
such as their form, fit, and/or function.
The integration of system components enables the
leverage of the capabilities of individual components to
accomplish an objective that cannot be achieved by the
individual components acting independently.

What is a System? (5)

Working Together, Synergy, and Holism
The physical components or abstract rules of a system alone are not adequate for
it to function.
In an engineering system, each component responds to external stimulus in a
manner that is unique due to the inherent characteristics of that component.
The actual response of a component will depend on the presence of other
components and the nature of its relationships with those other components.
The physical components may include people, hardware, software, and structural
elements of a facility.
The abstract components may include policies, laws, rules, and algorithms.
An important aspect of working together is that the outcome of the entire
system is greater than the sum of the outcomes of the individual
components of the system.

What is a System? (6)

Boundary Conditions
There is a boundary that separates the system from its
environment.
In closed systems, the word boundary is explicitly
stated and defined as the interface between the system
and its environment.
This is of great interest to civil systems engineers,
particularly where the environment can pose
sudden or gradually-evolving threat to the
systems operations or survival and also where the
systems unintended outcomes (such as air

What is a System? (7)

Stochastic Nature of Inputs and Outcomes
For planning and monitoring purposes, engineers desire
that the outcome of a system in terms of its objectives
is known with certainty.
However, every system has a probability of success,
which means that the attainment of the system goal or
outcome is always accompanied by some degree of
uncertainty.
Every specific level of the outcome has a certain
likelihood of occurring.

What is a System? (8)

A system can be visualized as an integrated collection of
components that work together within given boundaries
to accept some input and to produce some outputs that
are often intended to achieve a certain goal.

Input

System

Output

What is a System? (9)

Features of a systems environment:
entities that have a stake in the successful operations of the system,
intended inputs (resources),
unintended inputs (threats and opportunities that may be natural or
man-made),
default inputs (the goals and objectives of a system),
outputs of the system.
constraints to the systems existence or to its operations (including
physical space constraints, restrictions on the use of resources, quality of
outcomes),
Like the inputs, some of the outputs may be intended and others
may be unintended.

Systems Engineering
Systems engineering is the application of principles
from multiple disciplines (such as mathematics,
science, and business) to formulate, select, and
develop solutions at any phase of a systems
life cycle, with the intention of satisfying the
given objectives and constraints posed by the
system owner/operator, user, community, and
other stakeholders in a cost effective manner.

Attributes of a System (1)

Physical structure:
The system shape, size, material, method of construction or installation.
Rules or procedures for operating the system.
System boundaries:
In establishing the boundaries of a system we need to specify which entities are
internal to the system and which are external. The system boundary is what
establishes the system environment.
Environment or surroundings within which the system operates:
The collection of all entities that are external to the system but are either
indispensable to or complementary with the systems operation. For closed
systems, the environment plays little or no role in the analysis; but for open
systems, the environment is often a critical factor in the analysis of the system.

Attributes of a System (2)

Goal or objectives:
Goal or objectives generally relate to the expected benefits of the system. The
goals are desired end states, and objectives are specific statements of goals. The
objectives should be realistic (attainable) and measurable. Objectives further
give rise to specific performance measures of effectiveness (MOEs).
Condition or performance of the system at any time:
In providing some kind of service to society, civil engineering systems may be
seen to be performing well or not, depending on the stakeholder in question.
From the users perspectives, system performance is often measured in terms of
the direct benefits of the system in terms of delay, convenience, comfort, safety,
or out-of-pocket fees, fares, or costs incurred when using the system. From the
perspective of the system owner, and sometimes a discerning general public, the
system performance is viewed in terms of the physical condition of the system.

Attributes of a System (3)

Performance measures, standards, and
criteria by which attainment of the goals are
measured
Feedback and control are essential to the effective
performance of a system.
A performance standard is a threshold (upper or
lower limit) beyond which the system performance
is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. A
performance criterion is a statement involving the
performance standard.

Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering (1)

The Systems Analysis Approach

Civil engineers utilize the concept of systems analysis to determine the best
course of action at any phase of developing their civil engineering systems.
Often, such decisions are made while taking due cognizance of various constraints with the
objective of producing an efficient and effective output.
Systems analysis, may be defined as a formal inquiry that is carried out explicitly to help a
decision maker identify the best course of action among several alternatives.
Systems analysis typically involves the following steps:
i) establishment of objectives and constraints, and alternative actions;
ii) analysis including investigation of the likelihood of the impacts of the alternatives in terms
of their respective costs and benefits;
iii) statement of the analysis outcomes for each alternatives, thus enabling an informed
choice of the best alternative; and
iv) ex poste evaluation of the choice after its implementation.
At any phase in civil engineering systems development, the task of making a
decision to select one of several alternatives may proceed using these steps.

Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering (2)

Motivations for Adopting Systems Approaches in CE Systems Development

Dramatic advancement in technology and other fields of endeavor.

Robust and long-standing solutions to real-world problems cannot be found using
the traditional scientific approach alone.
A strong relationship between civil facilities and their surrounding communities
exists through the natural and built-up environment, community safety,
sociocultural fabric, and land use.
The importance of the human and societal factors in the development of civil
engineering systems.
Growing complexity of civil engineering infrastructure and facilities.
Advances in all phases of project delivery: materials and design, construction
processes, and facility operations and preservation.
The decomposition approach, which is a basic tenet of systems analysis,
facilitates the development of large civil engineering infrastructure.

Systems Considerations in Civil Engineering (3)

Civil Engineering Systems: Examples and Attributes

A civil engineering system may be defined as a set

of physical infrastructure and operating rules aimed
at providing services to society such as provision of
shelter, transportation, water supply and
distribution, and waste treatment.

Development of Civil Engineering

Systems (1)
The development of civil engineering systems refers
to all the work activities necessary to ensure that a
system is provided, runs efficiently, and preserved
in such a manner that it provides cost-effective
service.

Development of Civil Engineering Systems (2)

Systems-Analysis Tasks at each Phase of Systems Development

At each phase of system development, the civil engineer first establishes a plan
of work for that phase.
The tasks carried out by the engineer typically include a description of the way
that phase proceeds or will proceed this is often needed for purposes of
communicating some characteristics of the system to the general public or
system owner.
Often, the engineer will need to analyze some aspect of work at the phase,
evaluation between alternatives, and select and implement the best alternative.
The trio of processes of analysis, evaluation, and selection of the best
course of action could be collectively termed systems optimization.
Feedback, a key aspect of systems analysis is helpful for developing systems that
are intended to be adaptive; also, this feedback is a key aspect of systems
dynamics, a useful tool for analyzing system behavior.

Development of Civil Engineering Systems (3)

Tools Needed for the Tasks

Computer simulation: describing how a system

works
Optimization and decision making: arriving at the
best option under different objectives and
constraints
Terms:
systems analysis, systems decision making,
systems optimization.

Systemic Considerations
The systemic approach refers to a holistic rather than piecemeal approach and,
therefore, is cognizant of the fact that, for a typical system, the effect of the sum
of the parts is different (typically superior) to the sum of the effects of the
individual parts.
Systemic problems are those problems that are best addressed using systemic
approaches.
In the context of civil engineering systems, derivatives of the term include
systemic bias (the inherent tendency of a system or process to yield or to avoid
specific outcomes); systemic risk (the uncertainty in performance of an entire
engineering system as opposed to the uncertainty associated with any one
component or subsystem of the system); and systemic shock, which is
disturbance to a civil engineering system that is strong enough to disrupt the
workings between the various components and thus disrupting the systems
static or dynamic equilibrium.

Operations Research, Decision Sciences,

and Management Sciences (1)
Operations research, the decision sciences, and the management sciences are
professional interdisciplinary mathematical disciplines that provide rational bases
for decision making in many fields, including engineering.
Engineers of civil systems typically use concepts in these disciplines
which include information technology tools, and analytical tools used to
develop and analyze models for making decisions at any phase of their
system development.
These tools include probability theory, statistics, economics, optimization,
modeling and simulation, graph theory, queuing theory, game theory, and
decision theory.
The objective for their use is often to identify the action that has the
highest beneficial impacts in terms of performance, durability,
condition, profit, utility, and/or the least adverse consequences as far as
cost, loss, and uncertainty in the short term, long term, or both.

Operations Research, Decision Sciences,

and Management Sciences (2)
In the context of civil engineering systems, these
techniques can describe the past or current behavior of a
system and use the acquired understanding to predict
system behavior and, ultimately, to improve system
performance or output.
In the private sector, companies use these tools to gain competitive
advantage; and in the public sector, agencies use these tools to
enhance the delivery of public services so that taxpayers are
provided the best possible performance of public systems with
available resources.