Buiding Construction Part II

SURFACE FINISHINGS
The art of treating the surface of

building materials with a suitable
covering material to make them
weather resisting and decorative is
called surface finishing.
The covering material used for surface
finishings are called surface finishes
which are plasters, paints, washes etc.
PURPOSE
To protect the surface from the
effects of weathering agencies.
To provide a smooth surface.
To provide pleasing appearance to
the surface.
IMPORTANT TECHNICAL
TERMS
Background :- The surface to which first coat of

plastering is applied is called background.
Dubbing out:- The filling the hollow spaces of the

back ground before applying the plaster is called
dubbing out.
Finishing coat:- The final layer of the surface

finish is called finishing coat.
Hacking:- The process of making the background

rough to act as key for plastering is called hacking.
Important Technical Terms (-ctd-)
Gauging:- The mixing of various constituents of

plaster is called gauging.
Rendering coat:- The first coat of plastering is

called rendering coat.
Under coat:- The layer providing base for the

application of remaining coats is called under
coat.
Floating:- The process of providing a finishing

coat with a float is called floating.
Peeling:- The removal of the plaster from

the background is called peeling.
Blistering:-The local swelling of a finished

plastered or painted face is known as
blistering. This is due to lack of adhesion of
the plaster or paint with the surface.
Cracking:-The development of angular

fractures or cracks in a plastered surface is
called cracking. In case of painting it
indicates the presence of a soft under coat.
Checking:-The longitudinal split in a painted

or plastered surface is known as checking.

Chalking:-The dull and powdery appearance of
a painted or plastered surface is known as
chalking. It indicates insufficient or inferior
binding material used in the paint or plaster.
Crazing:-The irregular development of hair like
cracks on a plastered surface is termed as
crazing.
Dado:-The special treatment provided to
plastered walls at their lower level usually in
bathrooms is called dado. It is provided up to
one meter height from the floor level. It may be
consisting of rich cement mortar, glazed tiles etc.

Skirting:- The special treatment provided to
plastered walls at their lower level usually in
drawing and living rooms of a building is called
skirting.
It is provided up to 15cm height from the floor
level.
It is usually consisting of the material which is
used for providing margin or boarder of flooring.
It is provided to protect the walls from water in
case of washing of floors
PLASTERING
The art of covering the surface
of masonry work with a suitable
material is called plastering.
PLASTERING
A fine paste of mortar made by mixing cement

with sand or fat lime with sand or surkhi in
addition to sufficient quantity of water if called
plaster.
When cement is used as a binding material,
the plaster is called cement plaster and if lime
is used as the binding material, it is called lime
plaster.
An ideal plaster should be smooth, non
absorbent and washable. It should not be
affected by weathering agencies.
PLASTERING
The finished surface of walls constructed in
bricks or stones are generally so coarse
textured that they provide unsuitable finish
for the internal walls of most of the
buildings.
These surfaces are rendered smooth by
the application of one or two coats of
plaster. The ceilings are also rendered
smooth with plaster.
PLASTERING
The object of external plastering is to cover the
surface to enable it to resist the effect of
weathering agencies. However, a good brick
work made of sound, well burnt bricks or neat
stone masonry constructed of durable stones
does not require external plastering.
The object of internal plastering is to provide a
smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot
lodge and to form a smooth surface for
applying white or color wash, distemper or
paint.
TYPES OF PLASTERING
1. CEMENT PLASTERING
The mix ratio of mortar in case of
cement plastering depends upon the
nature of the work to be plastered.
For rich plastering work at sensitive
places (e.g. in side bathrooms, W.C.
etc.), 1:3 cement plaster mix is used.
For general plastering of walls 1:5 to
1:8 cement plaster mixes are used.
CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)
Preparing the surface

Before applying the plaster, the
surface should be prepared properly.
The joint of masonry are properly raked to a
depth of 10 to 15 mm to provide key to
plaster.
The surface is then thoroughly wetted with
water, washed well and kept wet for six
hours.
When the surface is ready, plaster is applied.

Applying the plaster
Cement plastering may be applied in one or
two coats.
In case of plastering of single coat, the mortar is
dashed against the prepared surface into a uniform
thickness with the help of trowel.
Wooden screeds 7.5 cm wide and of required
thickness of the plasters are generally fixed
vertically 2.4 to 3 m apart to act as gauges guides
in order to keep the plaster to the required
thickness. Careful plumbing should be done in fixing
of these screeds.

Surplus mortar is removed with the help of
masons straight edge and then the mortar
is pressed well with a wooden float so that
mortar may fill in the joints of the masonry.
The surface is then finally polished with a
trowel or iron float.
The thickness of this coat should not be
more than 16 mm.

In case plastering is to be done in two coats the
first coat is applied as described above with the
only difference that it is not polished.
Before applying the second coat, the first coat is
allowed to set but it would not become dry and it is
also roughened with a scratching tool to provide
key to the second coat.
The second coat is then applied in a thin layer not
exceeding 3 mm in thickness within 48 hours.
It is then well trowelled and rubbed perfectly
smooth with the help of a steel float. It is then
allowed to set for 2 days and cured for more than 7

Suitability
This type of plastering forms an ideal
coating for external finishings.
It is also used for internal renderings of
common as well as important buildings.
It is specially suited for damp conditions i.e.
bathrooms, etc.
2. LIME PLASTERING
The proportioning of the ingredients of a
lime plaster is adopted according to the
number of coats to be applied.
If the plaster is to be applied in one coat,
1 part of lime to 1.5 parts of sand is used.
If two coats are to be applied, the
proportion for the first coat is same as
above while the second coat consists of
two parts of lime and one part of sand.
LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

If three coats are to be applied, the
proportion of the third coat consists of
4 parts of lime to one part of sand.
In actual practice, all the coats consist
of 1 part of lime to 2 part of sand.
Thickness of the lime plaster varies
from 15mm to 20mm.
Preparing the surface

The method of preparing the
surface is same as described in
case of cement plastering.
Application of first coat

It is applied by dashing the lime plaster with
the help of trowel against the wall surface
between the screeds.
Plaster is pressed well in the joints.
Function of this coat is to fill all the
irregularities of the surface.
Average thickness of this coat is 10 to 12
mm. It is then left to dry for 3 to 4 days.
Application of second coat

Before applying this coat, the first coat is
well washed and scratched over with the
edge of a trowel.
The second coat is then pressed against
the wall with masons trowel and rubbed
with a straight edge.
Thickness of this coat is 6 to 10 mm.
Application of final and finishing coat

This coat usually consists of fat lime which is
called lime putty.
It is applied on the second coat, made perfectly
plain and then rubbed first with wooden float
and then with a steel float to polish the surface,
It is about 3 to 6 mm in thickness.
It is allowed to dry for two days and then the
surface is cured for 7 to 10 days.
Suitability
This type of plastering is suitable for
internal renderings of buildings. But
it is not commonly adopted these
days.
3. MUD PLASTERING
The wall surface is first prepared as described
in case of cement plastering.
The mud plaster is then evenly dashed
against the wall surface with a wooden float.
After 24 hours, the surface is tamped. The
function of tamping is to compact the layer
and to drive it deep into the joints. It also
helps to avoid developments of cracks due to
hollows.
MUD PLASTERING (-ctd-)

After tamping, water is sprinkled slightly and
the surface is polished with a steel trowel.
A thin wash of cow dung is then given and
tamping is done again at the places where
small cracks have formed.
Finally the surface is given a wash of fine
white earth and cow-dung.
Sometimes, surface is given a wash of fine
earth, cow dung and cement in proportion of
3 : 2 : 1.
MUD PLASTERING (-ctd-)
Suitability
This type of plastering is done on
walls of
temporary sheds and country side
buildings.
4. STUCCO PLASTERING
This is special type of plaster.
Stucco is the name given to a decorative
type of plaster which provides an excellent
finish like that with marble lining.
After preparing the surface, stucco
plastering is applied in three coats.
Each coat should be permitted to dry
thoroughly before applying the next coat.
STUCCO PLASTERING (-ctd-)
For internal surface, the first coat also known as

scratch coat consists of lime plaster 12 mm in
thickness.
The second coat or brown coat consists of rich lime

plastering in 10 mm thickness.
The final coat or finishing coat consists of a mixture of
very fine lime and white ground stone ( marble or
quartz), 3 mm in thickness.
It is carefully polished with a bag of linen containing
moist chalk in the first instance and then chalk and oil.
The surface is then finally finished by rubbing it with
only oil as to make it smooth and bright.

For external surfaces, the first and second
coats are 10 to12 mm thick and the finishing
coat is 3 to 6 mm thick.
The proportion of ingredients for the first two
coats is 1 part of cement to 3 parts of sand
with 10% by weight of hydrated lime.
The finishing coat consists of 1 part of
cement and 2 pars of sand in which some
coloring pigment is added or colored cement
is used.

Method of applying this plaster is
same as described in case of cement
or lime plastering.
Suitability
external as well as internal surfaces of
buildings to provide an excellent finish.
5. MOUGHAL
PLASTERING
It is generally applied in two coats of lime
mortar by mixing lime, sand and surkhi in the
ratio of 4:3:1 along with glue and powdered
gull nut.
The surface is well wetted and the second coat
of about 1.25 mm thickness is applied when
the first coat is hardened.
The finished plastered surface is kept wet for 3
weeks.
MOUGHAL PLASTERING (-ctd-)
Suitability
internal surfaces of high class
buildings but it is not commonly
applied these days.
POINTING
Final treatment with cement or lime mortar made
to the joints of the masonry to provide neat
appearance is termed as pointing.
The joint on the face of stone or brick masonry are
roughly filled in while the walls are being raised.
They are after wards neatly finished off to make
them water tight.
The joints thus finished, give a better appearance
to surface and prevent rain water from entering the
interior of the masonry.
PURPOSE
1. To prevent the moisture and the
rain water from entering the interior
of masonry through joints and to
make them durable.
2. To improve the appearance of the
structure.
SUITABILITY
Pointing is preferred to plastering under
following conditions.
1. When a smooth and even surface is not
essentially required.
2. Where it is desirable to exhibit to view
the natural beauty of the materials (bricks or
stones) used in construction.
3. When the workmen ship is neat and
good.
TYPES OF POINTING
The selection of particular type of
pointing depends upon the types of
bricks or stone used and the
appearance required..
TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

1. Flat or flush pointing
In this pointing, the mortar is pressed tightly
and the joints are filled up and made flush
with the face of the wall.
This is the simplest type of pointing and is
provided extensively.
It is economical and durable because it
requires less labor than all other pointing.
It does not afford a lodging place for dust.

2. Struck pointing
In this pointing the face of the mortar joint
instead of keeping it vertical, its upper side is
kept about 12 mm inside the face of the masonry
and the bottom is kept flush with the face of the
wall as shown in fig 14.2.
This pointing has a better effect of throwing rain
water.
This is also known as ruled pointing.
This pointing is the best in ordinary
circumstances.

3. Recessed pointing
In this pointing the face of the mortar joint
is pressed inside by means of a suitable tool
and is left vertical instead of being made
inclined.
This pointing is provided when face work of
good textured bricks with good quality
mortar is used.

4. V-pointing
This type of pointing is provided by forming a
v-shaped groove inside the mortar of the
joint with a special tool (steel or iron jointer).
This pointing is commonly recommended for
brick work in case of governmental
buildings.

5. Weather pointing
This is similar to V-Pointing but in this
case instead of pressing a v shaped
groove inside, it is provided by forming a
v shaped projection outside the walls
surface.
This pointing is generally recommended
for superior brick work.

6. Keyed or grooved pointing
In this case, the joints are first filled up flush,
and then a circular piece of steel or iron is
pressed in and rubbed in the middle of joints.
Grooved pointing has a big groove in the face
than keyed.
Keyed pointing gives an attractive
appearance to the structure and is generally
used for superior work.
7. Tuck pointing
In this pointing, the mortar joints are filled with

the face of the wall. Then 6 mm wide and 3
mm deep groove is immediately and carefully
formed in the centre of the joint and the
groove is filled with or tucked in with white
lime putty.
The lime putty is given a maximum projection
of 6 mm.
Tuck pointing has a neat attractive
appearance. But the lime putty is not durable
and in due course of time becomes defective.
JOINTS IN BUILDINGS
The separations or planes of weakness
introduced at different locations in a
building are known as joints in the
buildings.
When joints are provided in a building,
reasonable care has to be exercised
for the location, design, detailing of
joints and selecting materials for
forming and filling the joints.
JOINTS IN BUILDINGS
All building materials expand or contract with change in
temperature and variation in moisture contents. Thus, major
dimensional changes are caused in structures due to expansion
or contraction of materials used in their construction.
The magnitude of these changes varies with the type of material
used.
To overcome this problem, the large and multi-storied buildings
may either be constructed monolithically with heavy
reinforcement to link each of their component parts or they may
be provided with a number of joints
Joints are usually provided in large or multistoried buildings. But

joints should not be provided in shell structures and certain
other rigid structures where provision of joints interferes with the
rigidity of structure.
TYPES OF JOINTS
1- CONTRACTION JOINTS
The joints introduced in concrete structures
to localize shrinkage movements are known
as contraction joints.
The contraction joints are in the form of
separations or planes of weakness.
The function of these joints is to localize
shrinkage movements which would
otherwise lead unsightly cracks.
TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

Contraction joints may be of any of the following
types:(a) Complete contraction joint
In this type of contraction joint, the bond between
the adjacent sections of a structure may be broken
completely by painting one face with a bituminous
material or by setting a layer of waterproof paper or
roofing felt against the face of the section before
casting the next adjacent section.
These contraction joints are provided in thick
sections of concrete to localize shrinkage
movements.

(b) Partial contraction joint
In this type of contraction joint, the
reinforcement is continued across the joint.
Due to presence of reinforcement, the
movement at such joints is usually very small.
These contraction joints are provided in
concrete sections where structural stability is
also required in addition to localize shrinkage
movements.

(c) Dump joints
In this type of contraction joint, a plane of
weakness is created by forming a groove in either
or each of the surface of concrete structure.
The total depth of such a groove is one-third to
one-fifth of the thickness of the concrete section.
These contraction joints are used more
particularly in thin sections of concrete such as
floor slabs, roof slabs etc.

2- SLIDING JOINTS
The joints provided between the two parts enabling
their movement freely in both the planes are known
as sliding joints.
These joints are usually formed by applying a layer
of plaster to one of the surfaces and finishing it
smooth so as to act as seat of the sliding joint.
The seat is then allowed to be hardened and
covered with the required thickness of bituminous
materials or otherwise treated as specified to form
a slip plane before the other portion is cast on it.

SLIDING JOINTS (-ctd-)
The function of these joints is to enable
freedom of movement of the two parts in
both the planes.
These joints are used when variations in
temperature, moisture contents or loading
result in tendency for one part to move in a
plane at right angles to the plane of another
part of a structure.

3- CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
The joints provided at locations where construction
stops for any reason and when their location does
not coincide with that of expansion or contraction
joints are called construction joints.
These joints are constructed in a similar manner as
contraction joints but these joints are not intended
to accommodate movement due to contraction.
Every effort should be made to prevent movement
occurring at such joints.
However, extra care may be taken to obtain a good
bond between abutting sections of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS (-ctd-)
Since, cracks frequently develop at these joints as a result of

stresses arising from variations in temperature, moisture content
or loading, therefore, it is most desirable that construction joints
should coincide with expansion or contraction joints wherever
possible.
The function of these joints is to simplify the construction of a
structure.
Construction joints in floor should be located in the middle of
spans of slabs, beams or girders unless a beam intersects the
girder at this point in which case the joints in the girders are
provided at a distance equal to twice the width of beam.
Adequate provision should be made for shear by use of inclined
reinforcement.
Joints in column should be made at the underside of the floor.

4- EXPANSION JOINTS
The joints provided to accommodate the expansion of
adjacent parts in a building are known as expansion
joints.
These joints essentially consist of a space between
the adjacent parts of a structure and may sometimes
be provided with the load transmitting devices
between the parts.
They are generally filled with expansion joint filler of
approved quality.

EXPANSION JOINTS (-ctd-)
The function of these joints is to
accommodate the expansion of adjacent
parts of a building and relieve the
compressive stresses that may otherwise
develop.
These joints are provided in long masonry
walls, roofs and floors, roof or floor to wall
joints, framed structures etc. For spacing of
these joints in different locations, refer to
table

EXPANSION JOINTS(-ctd-)
The design and location of joints usually depend
upon the type of structure, the method of
construction and the jointing materials available.
The provisions of joints should be adequate to
accommodate all the dimensional changes
caused by expansion and contraction of
materials used in the structure.

EXPANSION JOINTS (-ctd-)
In case of masonry walls, the vertical control joints

(expansion joints) should be provided from top of the wall to
the top of the concrete foundations and not through the
foundation concrete. The reinforcement should not pass
through such joints.
In case of masonry walls resting on pile foundation, the

vertical control joints should be taken up to the top of grade
beam i.e. concrete cap over the piles without making use of
any reinforcement passing through the joints.
In case of reinforced framed structures, the vertical control

joint between any two columns should extend from top of
the column to the top of the pedestal provided over the RCC
footing.
S.
No.
1
Item and Description

Walls:
(a)Load bearing walls with cross walls at
intervals. Traditional type of one-brick
thick or more.
Spacing of Expansion Joints
30 m intervals.
(b)Walls warehouse type construction

(without cross-walls)
Expansion joints in walls at 30 m

maximum intervals. (If the walls are
panel walls between columns at not
more than 9 m centers, no joints are
necessary). Control joints over centre
of openings may be provided at half
the spacing of expansion joints.
Chajjas, balconies and parapets.
6 to 12 m intervals.
S.
No.
3
Item and Description
Spacing of Expansion Joints
Roofs :
(a)Ordinary roof slabs of RCC
protected by layers of mud phuska or
other insulating media in framed
construction.
20 to 30 m intervals and at
changes in direction as in L, T, H
and V shaped structures.
(a)Thin unprotected slabs.
15 m intervals.
Frames :
Joints in structure through slabs,
beams, columns etc, dividing the
building into two independent
structural units.
Corners of L, T, H and V shaped

structures at 30 m intervals in
long uniform structures.
Coping
Corresponding to joints in the

roof slabs.
DOORS
The arrangements made to provide
free and easy access inside and
outside the rooms of a building are
called Doors.
Whereas, the opening provided in the
boundary wall of a building for
entrance and exist is known as Gate.
DOORS (-ctd-)
Doors are generally made of timber. They may also be
consisting of plywood, wire gauge, frame work of steel
etc.
They may be having one or two leaves or shutters.
The doors with one shutter are known as single
leafed doors. Such doors are used for small
openings.
The doors having double leaves or shutters are called
double leafed doors. Such doors are used for large
openings.
LOCATION OF DOORS
Doors should be located in such a way that

free movement in and out of the rooms of a
building is ensured. Doors should be
properly placed in the corner of a room.
In case the room is to be provided with more
than one door, they should be located in the
opposite walls to have a good ventilation in
that room.
IMPORTANT TECHNICAL
TERMS
Frame:- An enclosure to provide support for door

or window shutter is called frame. It is made from
the well seasoned wood. Head and sill are morticed
to take the tenon formed at the ends of vertical
posts. Bamboo pins are used to hold shoulders and
the tenons tightly.
Head:-The top horizontal member of a door or
window frame is called head.
Sill:- The bottom horizontal member of a door or
window frame is called sill.
Posts:- The vertical side members of a door or
window frame are called posts.
IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS (-ctd-)
Shutters:- The planks, framed, paneled or otherwise

which fit in a door or window frame are known as
shutters. They are hung to the frame by means of
hinges.
Styles or stiles:- The vertical side members of

frame-work of a shutter are called styles. The style
which is hung or hinged to the frame is called a
hanging or hinged style. Whereas the style which is
not hung or hinged to the frame is called a meeting
style.
Top rail:- The topmost horizontal member of the

frame-work of a shutter is known as top rail.
Lock rail:- The middle horizontal member of the

frame-work of a shutter where lock sliding bolt is
fixed is called lock rail.
Bottom rail:- The lower most horizontal piece or member

of the frame-work of a shutter is known as bottom rail.
Mullion:- The vertical member running through the middle

of frame-work of a shutter is called mullion or muntin.
Jambs:- The vertical faces of a door or window opening

which support the frame of a door or window are called
jambs.
Reveal:- The portions of a door or window opening

extending beyond the frame towards the face of a wall are
called reveals.
Sash bars:- The light members of the frame-work which

carry the glass panes within a shutter or frame work are
known as sash bars.
Panels:- The small wooden members

which are provided between the rails of a
shutter or frame-work are called Panels.
Rebate:- Depression or cut in the frame of

a door or window to receive the shutters is
called rebate.
Horns:- The projections of head or sill of a

door or window frame are known as Horns.
These are generally embedded in the
masonry to increase their fixing strength.
Louver:- The inclined boards fixed in a

frame-work are called Louvers.
Transom:- The horizontal dividing member in a

window or door frame provided with fan light is called
Transom. It acts a head of the door or window frame
and sill of the fan light.
Stops:- The timber pieces fixed to the door or window

frame on inside to prevent the shutters from
damaging the plaster of jambs when fully opened are
called stops.
Chocks:- The timber pieces hinged to the window or

door frame on outside to prevent the shutters from
closing under the effect of heavy wind are called
chocks.
FIXING OF A DOOR FRAME IN A WALL
A door frame is fixed in the masonry by hold fasts built into

the walls with cement mortar (1: 5).
The hold fasts are made from 3.7 cm x 0.6 cm flat, bent at
both ends One end of each hold fast is fixed on the side of the
door frame and its other end is built into the masonry.
The horns provided at the head and sill or in between, are also
built into the walls.
Now-a-days, sill is not provided in case of a door frame since it

causes obstruction to the free movement and does not permit
easy cleaning and washing of floors.
Before fixing a door frame, its sides coming in contact with

masonry, are painted with two coats of a wooden-preservative
(generally coal tar). The other sides of the frame are
generally given a priming coat.
TYPES OF DOORS
1. Ledged and battened

doors
These are the simplest type of doors.
They consist of battens (each 15 cm wide and 0.8 to

1.8 cm thick) which are screwed to three horizontal
members called ledges.
Top ledge is 10 cm x 3.2 cm in cross-section, middle
and bottom ledges have section of 17.5 to 20 cm x 3.2
cm.
Battens are generally tongued and grooved.
These doors are mostly used for narrow openings in
temporary houses where appearance is not the main
consideration.
1- Ledged and Battened

Braced Door
Ledged
2- Battened and
2. Ledged, battened and braced

doors
This type of door is similar to a ledged and
battened door except that they consist of ledges
and battens which are strengthened with the help
of diagonal members known as braces.
The width of braces varies from 10 to 15 cm and
thickness is 3.2 cm.
The inclination of the braces should be kept towards
the side of the shutter to be hinged to the frame as
shown in fig. 10-3.
These doors can be used for comparatively large
openings in ordinary houses and in places where
appearance is not so important.
3. Framed, ledged, battened and braced

doors
This is a better and strong type of door.
They consist of two stiles, three rails and two braces forming the
frame-work of each leaf (shutter) to which he battens are fixed.
The frame-work is made with mortice and tenon joints.
The top and bottom rails and the stiles have full thickness while
the middle (lock) rail and braces are thinner in section to allow
the battens to pass over them and finish flush with the top and
bottom rails.
The battens should butt into the rebate in the top and bottom
rails.
These shutters are hung to the frame by means of butt hinges.
These doors are mostly used as external doors in ordinary
residential buildings, shops etc.
3- Framed, Ledged, Battened

and Braced Door
4- Framed and Paneled Door
4. Framed and paneled doors

This is the most common type of door.
They are made in different designs but their principle for
construction is same as in other doors.
They consist of frame-work of styles, rails and muntins or
mullions of same thickness.
The space between them is filed with panels. The vertical styles
are continuous from top to bottom and rails are jointed to the
styles.
On inside of the styles and rails, grooves are made to receive

the panels which may be of raised or flush type.
These shutters are hung to the frame by means of butt hinges.

These doors are mostly used in residential and other buildings
as internal and external doors.
5. Paneled and glazed doors

The construction of this type of door is similar to a framed and
paneled door but in such doors glass panes are fixed.
In these doors, instead of wooden panels in their top portions,
sash bars to receive the glass panes are used.
Sash bars are equal in thickness to the full thickness of the

shutter, with 2.5 cm with and having 1 to 3 cm rebate
according to the size of the doors.
The size of the rebate is generally 1.6 cm x 0.6 cm. Each

glass pane is secured in position by small nails and is bedded
with the help of lime-putty.
It may be either 1/3rd glazed at top and2/3 paneled at
bottom, or 2/3 glazed at top or 1/3 panelled at bottom.
These doors are mostly used in public buildings, hospitals,
colleges, offices and also in residential buildings.
5- Panelled and glazed Door.
6. Flush doors
These doors are made with plywood and give better

appearance.
They are solid and semi-solid door and are constructed and
finished in many ways.
The inner core is either framed or laminated. The later makes

a more solid and lasting door.
These doors do not catch dust and are easy to clean.
With the production of plywood in large quantities, flush doors

are becoming more and more popular these days.
These doors are mainly used as internal doors in residential

buildings, restaurants, public and other important buildings.
Door.
(a) Framed Flush Door
(b) Solid Laminated Flush
7. Louvered doors
These doors are similar to glazed and paneled doors.
But in these doors, the spaces between the rails and
stiles are filled with series of wooden members called
louvers.
The louvers are fixed into the stiles or made movable.
In order that they may be effective and economical,
are fixed at an angle of 45 degree.
These doors allow free passage of light air and secure
privacy and safety. But they collect dust easily and are
difficult to clean.
These doors are mostly used in school, workshops or at
place where sufficient privacy is required besides
admitting air and light freely.
7- Louvered Door
8- Revolving Door
8- Revolving doors
These doors consist of four shutters, arranged
diagonally, revolving on a common vertical axis.
Paneled, glazed or both types of shutters may be

used for these doors. They allow entrance on one
side and exit on the other side.
These doors are used where there is constant foot

traffic of people coming in and going out of an
entrance in public buildings such as offices, banks,
restaurants, hotels, theatres, and other public
buildings.
They are also used in hill stations to prevent strong
wind blowing inside the building directly.
9- Sliding Doors
These doors consist of single or
double steel or wooden shutters.
They slide into the pockets provided
in the masonry wall.
These doors are commonly used for
workshops, garages and on windows
in shops etc.
9- Sliding Door
10- Collapsible Doors

These doors consist of frame work of rolled steel
sections and are provided with rollers at bottom which
roll on rails.
These doors are rolled when they are to be opened or
collapsed.
Flat iron pieces are used cross wise and are fixed to
vertical flat iron pieces at 12 to 15 cm centre to centre
so as to form parallelograms. When pushed, the
parallelograms get collapsed.
These doors are used in public buildings such as banks,
railway stations, sheds, godowns, workshops etc.
10- Collapsible Door.
11- Rolling Steel Doors

These doors are generally made of thin corrugated
steel plates ( or sheets) which roll up on a roller or
drum.
The shutter slides in grooves in the side walls.
The shutter may be counter balanced by sprigs so
that it can be easily raised on lowered by hand.
These doors are sufficiently strong and may be
safely used in exposed places.
These doors are mostly used for main entrance of
shops, showrooms, and garrages
11- Rolling Steel Door

gauged Door
12- Wire-
12- Wire-gauged doors

These doors are normally hung on the same
chowkhat (frame) as other door and window
shutters of the frame.
The thickness of the frame is increased suitably to
cut the rebate for the wire gauged shutters.
These doors allow free passage of the air and light
and at the same time do not allow entrance of flies
and mosquitoes inside the rooms of a building.
These doors are mostly used in kitchens and dining
rooms of residential buildings
FLOORING
TYPES OF FLOORS
Normally the following types of floors are
generally used:
Brick floor.
Earth floor.
Cement concrete floor.
Mosaic floor.
Tile floor.
Marble floor.
Wooden floor.
MATERIALS FOR FLOORING

The materials used for Ground floor
construction are:
Stones.
Bricks.
Concrete.
Marble.
Chips.
Asphalt.
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FLOORS

1- INITIAL COST
The cost of floor covering is the most important thing.
The expensive types of floor coverings are marble and
teerrazzo (chips).
Tiles and asphalt are less expensive whereas concrete
and brick are the cheapest and are commonly used.
2- APPEARANCE
Co lour, texture and architectural beauty are the
factors taken into consideration.

( -CTD- )
3- DURABILITY
Resistance to wear and tear is an important factor for a floor
covering.
Resistance to temperature changes, humidity, disintegration
and decay has alsoto be taken into account.
Tiles, marble and concrete floor covering offer good resistance
to these factors. Wherever heavy floor traffic is not anticipated
bricks and wood blocks can be used.
4- CLEAN LINESS OF FLOOR

A floor should be non absorbent and capable of being easily
cleaned.
All joints should be simple so that they can be made water
tight as possible.
Glass strips used for making panels, should not be more than
16 sq. ft. i.e. (4`x4`).

( -CTD- )
5- DAMPNESS
Moisture should not penetrate in the floor.
They should be completely water tight.
Wood, Rubber are not suitable in damp places,
whereas tiles, bricks, concrete and Terrazzo is
suitable for use on flooring which are subjected
to dampness.
6- INDENTATIOIN
Marks, depression due to furniture legs or ladies
shoes should not make any impression on the
floor.

( -CTD- )
7- NOISELESSNESS
This is not an important factor for ground floor
constructions, but it should be noiseless when traveled
over.
Rubber coverings and cork covering are most suitable.
8- MAINTENANCE
For keeping floor in perfect condition it is necessary to
clean, repair and apply any other treatment from time
to time.
Marble and concrete floors require less repair whereas
wood blocks, need frequent maintenance.
Concrete surfaces can not be repaired easily while tiles
can be replaced quickly.
CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS
1- BRICK FLOORING
Brick flooring is commonly used.
The filling over which this floor is to be laid should be well
compacted.
The level of the flooring being known, the filling is excavated
the desired depth.
Generally two types of beds are provided.
In the first type, after excavation the surface is leveled and a
layer of 3// sand is spread over which a course of bricks is laid.
In the second type, a lean cement concrete (P.C.C), one part of
cement, 6 parts of sand and 18 parts of aggregates of 10 to15
cms in thickness is laid on the compacted bed.
Flat brick flooring is laid into1:6 C/S mortar over a bed of //
thick cement sand mortar.
Bricks on edge flooring are laid into1:6 C/S mortar over a bed
of // thick C/S mortar.
CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS ( -CTD- )
2- CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

This type of floors are most commonly used
both in residential and commercial buildings.
The two components of a concrete floor are
Base & Wearing surface (top surface).
The flooring can be constructed either
monolithic or non-monolithic.
In monolithic floors, a base layer is laid
and then immediately a concrete topping is
provided and in non-monolithic the topping
is laid after the base has set.

DISADVATAGES OF MONOLITHIC FLOORS
The topping is likely to get damaged due to
subsequent building operations.
It is likely to develop hair-like cracks on
account of small settlements which may occur
in the base course immediately after it is laid.
When the surface of the topping gets
damaged, it is very difficult to repair it.
The progress is slow since the topping can be
laid only after the base course has sufficiently
set to allow the workmen to lay the top layer.
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR DETAILS

Topping is laid in panels over a base
thickness which varies 1// to 3//.
If the thickness is 1-1/2// then it can be
laid in single layer and if it is exceeding
then it is laid in double layer.
To avoid cracks due to shrinkage, the
area of a panel is restricted to 4/ x 4/
(i.e. 16 sq. ft.).
3. MOSAIC OR TERRAZO FLOORING

The base for terrazzo floor is of plain cement concrete
(1:2:4).
The topping shall not be less than 3/8 // thick and shall be
laid with a bottom layer of cement concrete (1:2:4).
The total thickness of topping of cement concrete should
mot be less than 1-3/8//.
Normally 2// thickness is used, 1-1/2// concrete (1:2:4) and
// mosaic.
The mosaic topping shall consist of one part of cement
(including15% to30% marble powder) and two parts of
marble chips.
The mosaic topping shall be laid while the bottom concrete
is still fresh preferably on the next day or after 24 hours to
have better bond.
The surface should be rough to get better bonding.
4. TILE FLOORING
Tiles of various shapes, sizes, thicknesses, color and
surface finishes are manufactured for used as surface
covering for floors.
Floorings tiles are set on the concrete base with
mortar.
Special bedding made up of asphalt or portland
cement is available for use over concrete base.
The concrete bedding is generally 5// thick and is laid
evenly with a slight rough surface at the top.
After a period of 2 to3 days, a mortar layers of 1:1
mix is spread on the concrete bed and the tiles are
set evenly with a thin a thin paste of cement applied
to their sides.

They are slightly topped till the cement comes
out through the joints to the top surface.
This extra cement is wiped off and the joints
are cleaned.
After2 to3 days, these joints are rubbed to
chip off all the projecting edges or surfaces.
The whole surface is then polished with a very
soft carborundum stone.
Finally the surface is washed with soap. If the
tiles have glazed surfaces then this rubbing
process is not suitable.
5. GLASS FLOOR
Glass floors are used wherever it is desired to admit
light into the basements through the upper floor.
The glass blocks are fitted within the frames of
various thicknesses to transmit light at an angle to
the farther areas in a room.
Structural glass is available in the from of tiles or
slabs and its thickness ranges from 12 to 30
millimeters.
The framework is spaced closed apart so the glass
can withstand loads coming over it. Glass flooring is
not commonly used.
6. ASPHALT FLOORING
Asphalt mastic is a mixture of fine aggregates (sand),
natural or artificial asphalt and coarse aggregates.
It can be mixed hot and laid in continuous sheets or
pressed into blocks which can be used as flooring.
It can also be mixed with a mineral oil and asbestos
and applied cold.
While heating, the asphalt is stirred thoroughly so that
the layer at the bottom may not get burnt, when the
whole quantity is fused, sand or aggregates equal to
twice the volume of asphalt is added gently and mixed
thoroughly. This mixture is then ready for laying.

7. WOODEN FLOORING
This type of floor construction is not
extensively used but is popular for special
purpose floors, e.g. in auditorium, hospitals.
Wooden flooring should have a concrete
base or should rest on joists spanning across
walls which are constructed at suitable
interval.
For the fixing of wooden floors on concrete
slabs, longitudinal railing strips are
provided.
ROOFS
The covering provided over the top
of an enclosure made for a building
to keep out the sun, rain, wind and to
protect the interior from exposure to
the weather is known as roof.
ROOFS (-ctd-)
A roof usually consists of frame work provided with a suitable

covering at its top.
A good roof is as essential as a safe foundation of a building.
Roofs must, therefore, be well designed and constructed to meet

the requirements of different climates and covering materials
locally available.
The form of construction of a roof is governed by the

plan of a building, span, the type of covering material
locally available and the architectural appearance
required.
The roof covering to be provided should be economical
and most suitable according to the nature of the
building.
CLASSIFICAION
Sloping, pent or pitched roofs
Flat or terrace roofs
(Sloping roofs are suitable for the area where
rainfall and snowfall are heavy, whereas, flat roofs
are suitable for the area where rainfall is meager
i.e. of low intensity, and there is no snowfall)
Shelled roofs
Domes
TYPES OF SLOPING ROOFS

Shed Roof
Hipped Roof
Gable Roof
Gamberal Roof
TYPES OF SLOPING ROOFS (-ctd-)

1. Shed Roof:- A slopping roof having slope only in
one direction is called a Shed Roof. This is the
simplest type of sloping roof and is used for smaller
spans.
2. Gable Roof:- A sloping roof having slope in two

directions is called a Gable Roof. This type of sloping
roof is used for larger span.
3. Hipped Roof:- A sloping roof having slope in four
directions is called Hipped Or Hip Roof. This type of
sloping roof is mostly used for buildings in hilly area.
4. Gambrel Roof:- A sloping roof having slope in two
directions with a break in the slope is known as
Gambrel Roof. This type of sloping roof is mostly
used for buildings in hilly area.
Mansord Roof
Saw Tooth or North Light Roof
TYPES OF SLOPING ROOFS (-ctd-)

5. Mansord roof:- A sloping roof having
slope in four directions with a break in
slope is known as Mansard Roof
6. Saw tooth or north light roof:- A
sloping roof having glazing fixed on the
steep sloping sides of the roof is called
Saw Tooth Or North Light Roof. This is
generally used in factories where more
light is required.
IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS

Ridge:- The highest point or line of a sloping roof
where the two opposite slopes meet is known as
ridge.
Ridge piece:- A horizontal piece of timber which runs
the highest level (bridge) of a sloping roof is
called ridge piece.
Eaves:- The lowest edges of the surfaces of a sloping
roof are called eaves.
Eaves board:- A wooden board fixed along the
eaves at the end of common rafters is known as
eaves board or facia board. Gutter is usually
supported at eaves board.

Rafters:- The members which support the covering
material of a sloping roof are called rafters.
Hip:- The line of intersection of sloping surfaces of a
roof forming an external angle exceeding 180 is
known as hip.
Hip rafter:- The rafter lying along the hip in a
sloping roof is termed as hip rafter.
Valley:- The line of intersection of two sloping
surfaces of a roof forming an external angle less
than 180 is known as valley.
Valley rafter:- The rafter lying along the valley in a
pitched roof is known as valley rafter.

Jack rafter:- The short common rafters which run from a
hip rafter to the eave of a sloping roof are called jack
rafters.
Common rafters:- The members supporting the battens
or boardings under the covering of a sloping roof are
known as common rafters.
Gable:- The end of a sloping roof finished in a vertical
triangle is called gabled end or gable.
Barge:- The finished edge of slating or tiling over-hanging
a gable wall is called barge.
Barge board:- Wooden planks fixed to the ends of the
common rafters projecting beyond the gabled end of
a sloping roof is called a barge board.

Purlins:- The wooden or steel members laid horizontally to
support the common rafters of a sloping roof are called
purlins.
Cleats:- The pieces of timber or angle-iron which are nailed or
screwed (for timber), riveted or welded (for angle-iron) on
the trusses, to support the purlins are known as cleats.
Battens:- The pieces of wood which are directly nailed to the
common rafters are called battens. The roof coverings are
directly laid over battens.
Pitch:- The inclination of the side of a slopping roof to the
horizontal surface is called pitch of the roof. It is usually
expressed as the ratio of the rise to the span or in degrees.
Truss:- A frame work of members arranged in triangles is called
a truss.
STAIRS AND STAIR CASES

A series of steps which provides access
from one floor to another is called a stair
and the part of the building
accommodating the stair is known as stair
case.
A stair may be constructed with steps
either rising continuously or with a break
in the form of landing in between.
All the steps should be so designed and
constructed that up and down movements
from one floor to another can be made
with ease, comfort, quickness and safety.
STAIRS AND STAIR CASES (-ctd-)

The stairs may be consisting of any suitable
material such as timber, bricks, stones, steel,
reinforced cement concrete etc.
The provision of a stair in a building is essential for
the movements of inmates from one floor to
another floor or roof of that building.
Now-a-days, in most modern residential and public
buildings of multi-storey nature, a lift system is
provided for convenience and quick movements of
the users from one floor to the other. In such
buildings too, a stair is essential for the
movements of the users in case of failure of the lift
system due to some mechanical defect or nonsupply of electric power.
IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS

Step:- The combination of a tread and a riser supported by a
string is called a step.
Tread:- The horizontal top surface of a step on which foot is
placed while going up or coming down a stair is known as
tread.
Riser:- The vertical face of a step is called riser.
Going or run:- The horizontal distance between any two adjacent
risers in a stair is called going or run.
Rise:- The vertical distance between any two adjacent treads in a
stair is called rise.
Bull-nose step:- The step with one or both ends rounded is
known as bull nose step. This type of step is generally
provided at the bottom of a flight and is always projecting
beyond the face of the newel post.

Nosing:- The projecting edge of a tread beyond its riser in a step is
called nosing. The line joining nosing of all steps in a flight is
known as line of nosing.
Pitch or slope:- The angle between the line of nosing and the
floor or landing is called pitch or slope of a stair.
String or stringer:- The inclined support to which the ends of
treads and risers of a stair are fastened is called a string or
stringer.
Hand rail:- As inclined member at a convenient height projecting
above steps of a stair to provide assistance and safe-guard to
the users is called hand rail.
Balusters:- The vertical members provided in between the steps
and the hand rail are called balusters. These members act as
intermediate supports to the hand rail.
Newel or newel post:- The posts provided at the bottom, top and
all the turning points in a stair to support the hand rail are
known as newels or newels posts.

Soffit:- The under surface of a stair is called soffit.
Flier:- A step of uniform width is called flier. This type of step is rectangular in
plan. Such steps are always preferred even at turning points of a stair as
they are safe for quick movements of the uses.
Winder:- A step of non-uniform width is known as winder. This type of step is
usually triangular in plan. Such steps are only provided for changing the
direction of a stair and should be avoided as far as possible since they
are dangerous for quick movement of the users.
Landing:- The horizontal platform provided in between any two flights of a
stair is called landing. The landing which provides 90 turn in the layout
of a stair is known as quarter space landing and if the turn is through
180, it is called half-space landing
Flight:- A series of steps without any break in between is known as flight.
Head room:- The height between the line of nosing to the soffit of a flight or
ceiling of roof immediately above is called head room.
Width of a stair case:- The width of enclosure accommodating the stair in a
building is called width of stair case. It depends upon the layout and
width of the stair.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD STAIR
It must be well designed so as to provide

maximum comfort, ease and safety.
It should be centrally located in a building.
All the steps should have uniform width and
height
The pitch or slope of a stair should neither
be more than 40 nor less than 24.
The width of a stair must not be less than
0.85 m in any case.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD STAIR(-ctd-)

The maximum number of steps in a flight should not
be more than 15.
The head-room must not be less than 2.1 m
vertically or 1.5 m at right angles to the line of
nosing.
The height of the hand rail should neither be more
than 0.85 m nor less than 0.75m measured vertically
from the line of nosing to the top of hand rail.
It must be constructed of sound materials.
It should have good workmanship.
It must be properly ventilated and lighted.
PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED WHILE PLANNING

AND DESIGNING A STAIR
1.
Relation between going and rise of a step
2 x Rise + Going in cm = 55 to 60 cm
Going x Rise, both in cm = 400 to 430 cm 2
While designing steps, take 30 cm going and 14 cm rise as a
standard value. For each 2.5 cm subtraction from going, add 1.2 to
1.3 cm to the rise.
The following dimensions of going and rise are generally used for
different buildings:Residential buildings
= 25 cm x 16 cm
Public buildings such as theatres, colleges, banks etc
=27 cm x 15 cm or 30 cm x 14 cm.
Industrial buildings
= The going should not be less than 25
cm
and rise not more than 19 cm.
It should be noted that the rules given above only act as guide but
the actual dimensions of going and rise depend upon the space
available, height of the building and layout of the stair.

AND DESIGNING A STAIR
2. Pitch of the stair:- The pitch or slope of the stair
should not be more than 40 and should not be less
than 25 for comfortable ascend and descend.
3. Width of stair:- The width of a stair must not be
less than 0.85 m so that a person going up can pass
a person coming down without any difficulty. The
minimum width of stair in a residential building
should be 1.05 m whereas in case of a public
building, a minimum width of 1.5 m is desirable.
4. Length of flight:- The number of steps in a flight
should not be more than 15 otherwise it becomes
difficult to move up and down the flight. The
minimum number of steps in a flight should be 3.

AND DESIGNING A STAIR (-ctd-)
5. Width of landing:- The width of landing should not
be less than the width of its stair case.
6. Head room:- An adequate head-room must be
provided. It should not be less than 2.1 m.
7. Winders:- They should be avoided as far as
possible. But they are to be provided when the area
of staircase is limited. In such case, winders should
be placed at the lower end of a flight. In a quarter
space i.e 90 turn, only three winders should be
provided.
8. Hand rails and balustrades:- A stair should be
provided with a hand rail along with balustrades to
provide assistance, comfort and safety to the users.
The height of hand rail should neither be more than
0.85 m nor less than 0.75m.

AND DESIGNING A STAIR (-ctd-)
9. Materials:- The stair should be constructed

from sound materials preferably of fire resisting
quality. It should be constructed of R.C.C.
according to building bye-laws being followed
in the locality.
10. Location:- The staircase should be located
in such a position that it is easily and quickly
approached. A central position in a building
would be ideal. Both light and ventilation
should be available especially at turning points.
In a residential building, the stair should be
located near the main entrance and screened
from outside for privacy. In public buildings, it
should preferably be located obvious from the
main entrance.
CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS ACCORDING TO

THEIR LAYOUT
1- Straight flight stairs:- The stair which rises from
one floor to another in one direction is known as
straight flight or simply straight stair (see fig. 2 a).
This type of stair may be constructed with or
without landing. This type of stair is only suitable for
a long and a narrow staircase.
2- Quarter turn stairs:- The stair which turns
through 90 either to the left or to the right is
known as quarter turn stair (see fig. 2 b & c). This
type of stair may be provided with winders as shown
in fig. 2 (b) or with a quarter-space landing as shown
in fig 2(c). This type of stair is suitable where the
width staircase is more but it has got limited length.
CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS ACCORDING TO THEIR LAYOUT

3- Half turn stairs
The stair which turns through 180 is known as half turn stair (see
fig. 2 d &c). In such stairs, the adjacent flights are in opposite
directions separated by half-space landings, two sets of winders or
two quarter space landings according to the space available.
Half turn stairs are further classified into the following two types:(a) Dog-legged stairs:- A half turn stair with no space between its
flights is known as dog legged stair (see fig. 2 d).
This type of stair
is suitable where the width of the stair case is limited and is
commonly used for single or double storied modern buildings.
(b) Open well stairs:- A half turn stair with a space (called well)
between its flights is known as open well stair (see fig. 2 e and f).
This stair is also known as an open newel stair when the well left
between the flights is of rectangular shape see fig. 2 (e). If the space
for this type of stair is limited, a short flight is introduced on the
narrow side of the well with two quarter space landings as shown in
fig. 2 (f).This type of stair is suitable for multi-storied buildings as in
this case the well allows for top lighting.
CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS ACCORDING TO THEIR LAYOUT

(-ctd-)
4. Geometrical stairs: A half turn stair in which the dwell is of
curved shape between the forward and backward flights is
called geometrical stair (see fig. 2 g). In this type of stair, the
change in direction is obtained by winders. It provides easy
turning but is tiresome as it is generally without landing. This
type of stair is suitable for single or double storied buildings.
5. Circular stair:- The stair which is provided in a circular stair
case is called circular stair (see fig. 2 h). In this stair, the
strings and the hand rails are continuous and the change in
direction is obtained by winders. All the steps may be
supported by a newel at the centre or there may be a circular
well hole. A circular stair having all is steps radiating from a
central newel is known as spiral stair. This type of stair is
suitable when a limited space is available for the stair case.
Iron spiral stairs are very suitable for back door entrance as
they occupy very little space.
6. Bifurcating stairs:- This stair having its bottom flight wide
which is divided into two narrow flights at the landing at right
angles in the opposite direction is called a bifurcating stair (see
fig. 2 i). This type of stair is suitable for public buildings,
assembly halls, railway foot bridges etc.
MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS
The art of up keeping the different parts of
buildings in their best conditions to ensure neat
appearance and a fair life of service of those
parts is called maintenance of buildings.
Maintenance of buildings may include cleaning
overhauling, general repair and replacement of
defective parts and special repair of defects
occurring due to their poor design and
workmanship.
The object of building maintenance is to ensure
neat appearance and stability of the building
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING
MAINTENANCE JOBS
Maintenance jobs of building are
divided into following two categories
1. Routine maintenance
2. Special Repair
(a) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Def: The day to day or thorough repairs which
are carried out in buildings after specified
periods are known as routine or periodic
maintenance
Explanation: Routine maintenance of buildings
includes the following items of work
Repair of damaged plaster surface
White washing and colour washing
Distempering
Painting of timber and steel surface
Repair to damaged part flooring
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE (-ctd-)

Removal stains from concrete and terrazzo floor
Re-polishing a terrazzo and mosaic flooring
Repair to worn out timber floor polishing and
waxing
Replacement of glass panes
Replacement of decayed timber and
replacement of fittings
Easing of doors and windows
Cleaning of fire chimneys, gutters, etc
(B) SPECIAL REPAIRS

Def: The repairs that are done to overcome special
problems as soon as they occur are known as
special repairs. These repairs are very difficult
and require more attention for their carrying out.
Explaination:
Special repairs of the buildings include the
following items of maintenance works:
Strengthening of foundations and foundations soil
Rectifications of Leaking roofs
SPECIAL REPAIRS(-ctd-)
Repair to damage concrete surfaces
Repair to cracks in masonry walls
Repairs at the window sills & joinery works
at the roof level of building
Providing damp proof course in the
existing building
Repairs to the damp floors
Anti termite treatment in the maintenance
of buildings
Repairs to expansion joints

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SURFACE FINISHINGS

The art of treating the surface of

Background :- The surface to which first coat of

Dubbing out:- The filling the hollow spaces of the

Finishing coat:- The final layer of the surface

Hacking:- The process of making the background

Important Technical Terms (-ctd-)

Gauging:- The mixing of various constituents of

Rendering coat:- The first coat of plastering is

Under coat:- The layer providing base for the

Floating:- The process of providing a finishing

Important Technical Terms (-ctd-)

Peeling:- The removal of the plaster from

Blistering:-The local swelling of a finished

Cracking:-The development of angular

Checking:-The longitudinal split in a painted

Important Technical Terms (-ctd-)

Important Technical Terms (-ctd-)

A fine paste of mortar made by mixing cement

CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)

Preparing the surface

When the surface is ready, plaster is applied.

CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)

CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)

CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)

CEMENT PLASTERING (-ctd-)

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

Preparing the surface

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

Application of first coat

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

Application of second coat

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

Application of final and finishing coat

LIME PLASTERING (-ctd-)

MUD PLASTERING (-ctd-)

MUD PLASTERING (-ctd-)

STUCCO PLASTERING (-ctd-)

For internal surface, the first coat also known as

The second coat or brown coat consists of rich lime

STUCCO PLASTERING (-ctd-)

STUCCO PLASTERING (-ctd-)

MOUGHAL PLASTERING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

TYPES OF POINTING (-ctd-)

In this pointing, the mortar joints are filled with

Joints are usually provided in large or multistoried buildings. But

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)

TYPES OF JOINTS (-ctd-)