October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Electrical power is the most vital

input for industrial and economical
development of any country

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Electrical Networks

Generation

Distribution
Transmission

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Transmission and Distribution loss = 30%

1% reduction loss = 1470 MW installation

capacity.
Per MW installation capacity 4 to 8
crores(Approx..)
1470MW X 4 = 5880 crores

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

WHY POWER REFORM ?

TR.

LOSSES & POWER THEFT

SUBSIDY

GRID

DISCIPLINE

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Reform programme
POWER SECTOR REFORMS
APDRP ACCELERATED POWER
DEVELOPMENT REFORMS PROGRAMS
DRUM DISTRIBUTION REFORMS AND
UPGRADES MANAGEMNT

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Under the scheme, financial assistance is being provided

to states, which are committed to power reforms for
undertaking renovation and modernization programmes
and for strengthening of transmission and distribution
systems.
The scheme is envisaged to continue till the end of
the11thplane.,2012.The Government of India , Ministry
of power had made a provision Rs.1500 crores for the
each year from 2002.

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

10

The Ministry of Power, GOI has also formulated a six level

intervention strategy to reform the power sector. The
strategy envisages interventions at the
1.National level policy issues, accounting
2.State level tariff fixation
3.SEB level Reforms-Unbundling
4.Distribution level
5.Feeder level and
6.Consumer level

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

11

The switchyard or Main station

is nothing but Transferring the
power from Generating station
to transmission system

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

12

An electrical network is an interconnection of

various electrical systems.it comprises of
Generating station
Transmission systems
Receiving stations
Distribution systems and load points
In all these systems, the power flow of electrical
energy takes place through electrical substation
only.
A Switchyard / substation is an assembly of
apparatus which transforms the characteristics of
electrical energy from one place to other place and
control the flow of power

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

13

Function of switchyard/substation
Protection

of transmission system
Controlling and Exchange of Electrical
Energy
Monitoring the Electrical parameter in
each Transmission line like voltage,
current , power , frequency

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

14

Classification of
switchyard/substation

Based on service:
Static substations
Converting substations
Switching stations
Power factor correction substation
Based on type of mounting
Indoor type substation
Outdoor type substation
Based on configuration
Conventional open terminal substations
Gas insulated substation(GIS)
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

15

CONDUCTORS
Rigid buses of solid conductor or tubing
bunched conductors
Conductor types are ACSR(Aluminum
conductor steel reinforced)
AAC(All Alloy Conductor)
AAAC( All Aluminum Conductor)

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

16

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

17

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Deputy Director

18

SWITCHGEARS

Isolate or connect the electrical circuit

between source to load
Making & breaking an electrical circuit
under normal or abnormal conditions
It is also a safety device, which provided
protection against abnormal conditions. All
electrical machines like Generator or Power
transformers, Motors & Transmission lines
SwitchGears like Load Break Switch,
Earth
Switch,Isolators(Disconnecting
Switch), Circuit Breakers)
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

19

Abnormal Operating condition

Insulation failure
Phase to phase fault(2 phase or 3 phase)
Variations in load like unbalanced load
System instability like frequency and
voltage variation
Temperature Rise

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

20

LOAD BREAK SWITCH

LBS is an interrupting device, which can

break the circuit at 7 to 8 times of the rated
current
Breaking the load current
Installed in the same circuit or back up by
CBS

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

21

EARTH SWITCH
ES is connected between the line conductor and
earth
Normally open
When the line is disconnected, the ES is closed , to
discharge the voltage trapped in the line
ES is mounted on the frame of isolator
To avoid Accident
Before proceeding to the maintenance work this
voltage is discharged to the earth by closing the
earth switch

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

22

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

23

ISOLATORS(DISCONNECTING SWITCH)

Isolators Operate Under No Load Condition

Isolators are used for Breaking, Charging the Transmission
line
Isolators are provided on both side of the CB in order to
ensure Isolation(disconnection) of the CB from the main
parts for the purpose of Maintenance
Generally 3- Pole Isolators( 3 Identical Pole) are Used
Simultaneous operation Is obtained By Interlocking Of The 3
Poles(all The 3 Pole,there Is a Common Operating
Mechanism)
Operating Mechanism Electrical Motor/Pneumatic System

Isolators Types

Single Break Switch,

centre Break Or Double Break Type
Pantograph Type
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

24

CIRCUIT BREAKER
Based upon current interruption & arc quenching
Types

Air Circuit Breaker(ACB)

Air blast Circuit Breaker(ABCB)
Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker(BOCB)
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker(MOCB)
Sulphur Hexa Fluoride(SF6)
Ultra Vacuum Breaker(VCB)

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

25

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

26

OPERATING MECHANISM
Motor Operated Spring Closing
Mechanism & Solenoid Operated Mechanism
Electro Hydraulic Operated CB
Electro Pneumatic Operated CB

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

27

INTERLOCK BETWEEN CB& ISOLATOR

Isolators can not operate unless the CB is

open
Bus-I& bus-II isolator can not be closed
simultaneously
Isolator can not operate when earth
switch on
Only one bay(one feeder load) can be
taken on by-pass or transfer bus
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

28

PROTECTIVE FUSE &RELAYS

An

automatic device and it senses the

abnormal conditions (Detect the fault)in the
power system and gives alarm intern isolate
the unhealthy system
Supply the information to the CB for Circuit
interruption

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

29

RELAY CIRCUIT

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

30

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

31

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Current Transformers(CTs) are used to step

down the currents for the purpose of
measurement,protection and control
Secondary ratings 1 or 5A
For ex. 10,000/5A , 100/1A
Voltage Transformer(VTS)
Secondary ratings 110V,115V
For ex. 400KV/110V, 230KV/115V
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

32

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Deputy Director

33

CARRIER CURRENT EQUIPMENT ( LINE OR

WAVE TRAP)

It is required for communication

Line trap is connected between
transmission line and coupling capacitor

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

34

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Deputy Director

35

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
It

is a device designed to protect electrical

equipment from lightning
10KA to 90KA 2000KV

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

36

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Deputy Director

37

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

38

INSULATORS

Prevent the flow of current to the earth

from support and supporting to the
conductors

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

39

Control cable
Modern power system is very complex, it is
necessary to provide automatic operation and
interlocks
SWITCH BOARDS
It consists of meters,relays and control
equipments
CONTROL ROOM
It consist of switchboard,carrier current
equipment,batteries
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

40

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

41

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

42

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

43

Earthing System
Security and safety of the personnel and
equipment
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Flow of current in the human body

Poor insulation apparatus

Open & short circuit due to equipment failure
Faulty or poor quality wires
Incorrect use of electrical gadgets(lack of
knowledge)
lightning

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

44

SAFE BODY CURRENT

The maximum safe current or Let Go
current:
9mA for men
6

mA for women

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

45

SAFE EARTH RESISTANCE

Domestic

<100 ohms

Medium Voltage
High Voltage
Small Generating
Stations and small
substations

< 5 ohms
< 2 ohms
<1 ohms

Large Generating
stations and large
Substations

<0.5 ohms

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

46

Bus coupler
Interconnecting the two buses
It prevents the over loading of of any bus
BC in service, Excess power will flow from
one bus to the other
BC consists of isolator circuit breaker
isolator ( two isolators and one circuit
breaker)

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

47

D.C.SYSTEM

Battery plays a vital role in the substation.Not only during

emergencies for backups and during normal working
conditions such as tripping of circuit breakers.
Battery are one which stores electrical energy in the form of
chemical energy
Depending on substations it can be 110V, or 220V DC. The
number of cells connected in series
Most commonly used cells are LEAD ACID BATTERIES
Each lead acid cell is two volts.
Depending on the system, 55 cells or 110cells are connected in
series
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

48

Power Transformer

It is used to step up / step down the voltage

The voltage rating 15 or 15.75kV/230 or
400kV (210MW)
In TPS,GT(step up t/f)
UAT,UST, ST,SAT,SST,,ET(step down
transformer)

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

49

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

50

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

51

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

52

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

53

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

54

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

55

Basic requirement of a bus bar system

Capacity
Reliability
Safety
Simplicity
Provision for extension
Selective protective zone
Easy maintenance
Switching sequence with minimum outage under normal
operation,emergency,faulty operation and post fault operation
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

56

Design of bus bars

Current

density
Electrical adequacy
Mechanical adequacy
Economy

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

57

DOUBLE BUS WITH

TRANSFER BUS

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

58

TEEDTransDist[1].swf

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

59

TEEDElecGen[1].swf

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

60

THANK
YOU
Any ?
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

61

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

62

What is Reactive Power?

While active power is the energy supplied to run a

motor, heat a home, or illuminate an electric light
bulb, reactive power provides the important function
of regulating voltage.

If voltage on the system is not high enough, active

power cannot be supplied.

Reactive power is used to provide the voltage levels

necessary for active power to do useful work.

Reactive power is essential to move active power

through the transmission and distribution system to
the customer. M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu
October 16, 2016
ty Director

63

How Are Voltages Controlled?

Voltages are controlled by providing sufficient

reactive power control margin to modulate
and supply needs through:
1. Shunt capacitor and reactor compensations
2. Dynamic compensation
3. Proper voltage schedule of generation.

Voltages are controlled by predicting and

correcting reactive power demand from loads.

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

64

Reactive Power Management and Control is Critical for Overall

System Stability

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

65

Maintain Proper Stability of the Power System

Line
Lines
e
i
T
g
itors Chargin
c
a
p
a
C
ous Generators
Synchron
ers
Condens

s
Tie Line

October 16, 2016

Reactors

ors
Generat
Losses
s
r
gul at o
Loads Re

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

66

Voltage Collapse Phenomenon

Inadequate reactive support

Which results in:

Voltage drops

Which results in:

Reduced reactive power from capacitors and line charging

Which results in:

Less reactive power support
Which results in:
Greater voltage drops
Which results in:

Tripping of generating units due to low auxiliary

voltage level or generator field current limiters

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

VOLTAGE COLLAPSE
ty Director

67

Transmitting Reactive Power

High
Impedan
ce
Mountain

s
AR
V
M

Reactive power cannot be effectively

transmitted across long distances or through
power transformers due to high I2X losses.

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

68

Reactive Power System Sources & Sinks

Sources

Transmission System

Sinks

Line Charging (Source)

Synchronous Condensers
& Generators

Synchronous Condensers
& Generators
Reactive Losses (Sink)

Reactors
Capacitors

Reactive Load
Reactive
flow across
interconnections

October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

Reactive
flow across
interconnections69

THANK
YOU
Any ?
October 16, 2016

M.Ravichandra Babu, Depu

ty Director

70