aS Glenn Research Center 4 Dec 02 Beginner’s Guide to Aerodynamics and FoilSim http:/Awww.gre.nasa.gov/WWW/K-1 2/airplane Tom Benson benson@grc.nasa.govGlenn OUTLINE Research Center * Background Information on FoilSim Supporting Information: Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics Teacher Generated Activities Questions / Answers. . Lewis N Objective Research Center The Problem : * Americans will need superior math and science skills in the 21st century. * Secondary students are having BIG problems in math and science. “It’s boring !", ‘It's too hard !", "What good is this!" A Piece of the Solution: Let’s get their interest with something that they like that has a high degree of math and science involved. FoilSim. oo. Lewis Objective Research Center The Problem: * People who know aerodynamics don’t teach secondary school. * People who teach secondary school don’t(in general) know aerodynamics. Solution: We'll work together on this | * Il find out what you need and can use. « You'll learn a little aerodynamics. * Together, we'll produce some teacher resources for others to use as well.Glenn & OBJECTIVE Research Center * Use computer technology and student interest in airplanes to introduce and demonstrate math and science. - Use aircraft operation and aerodynamics - Present some ideas for the classroom » Provide information for teachers * DialogueGlenn Distribution Research —_— Cer FoilSim http://www.gre.nasa.gov/WWW/K - 12/airplane/foil2.html http://www.gre.nasa.gov/WWW/K - 12/airplane/foil2b. html Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics http:/Avww.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/bga.html Download stand-alone version of FoilSim http://www. grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K - 12/FoilSim/index.html LTP Aerodynaics 2001 CD-ROM benson@grc.nasa.gov. Glenn oO Newton’s First Law Research Center "Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.”an Glenn Four Forces on an Airplane Research Center LA, rag Thrust" Glenn Newton’s First Law Research Applied to Airplanes Center << Airspeed —_— — Thrust Drag "Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion ina straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.” When flying at a constant altitude: If Thrust and Drag are equal, aircraft holds constant airspeed. ff Thrust is increased : Aircraft accelerates - airspeed increases. Drag depends on airspeed - Drag increases. When Drag is again equal to Thrust: Aircraft no longer accelerates but holds a new, higher, constant airspeed.S&S Excess Thrust sen Research (Thrust - Drag) Center Drag (D) Stl —e : = Thrust (T) ~—— Excess Thrust (F,,,) Excess Thrust Thrust - Drag F,,= T -D Newion’s Second Law: FL= ma as F,,/ m a=acceleration of aircraft m= mass of aircraftGlenn What is Lift? Research Center Lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.& Incorrect Theory #1 Researeh Center Lift Low Pressure High Velocity Upper Streamline Longer Distance Lower Streamline High Pressure Shorter Distance Low Velocity "Longer Path" or "Equal Transit" Theory Top of airfoil is shaped to provide longer path than bottom. Air molecules. have farther to go over the top. Air molecules must move faster over the top to meet molecules at the trailing edge that have gone underneath. From Bernoulli's equation, higher velocity produces lower pressure on the top. Difference in pressure produces lift.S . Glenn Factors That Affect Lift Research Center —, ™ The Object: Shape and Size The Motion: Velocity and Inclination to Flow The Air: Mass, Viscosity, Compressibility. . Glenn The Lift Equation Research Center (i. - _ Lo = ClxrxV2xA 2 Lift - coefficient x density x velocity squared x wing area two Coefficient Cl contains all the complex dependencies and is usually determined experimentally.: Glenn Newton’s Third Law Research Applied te Aerodynamics Center For every action, there is an equal and opposite re-action. Re-action : Action : llers (aircraft Air pushed and pulled SEA ceaa Propellers St backward by ‘he propellers . Re-action Lift Wing ‘eircraft) Thrust Action: Air deflected downward by the winga Py Glenn Free Falling Objects Research (no air resistance) Center Weight is the only Force acting on the object. FowW=mg Weight ‘ Weight Motion of the object (Newton's second law). azg Mass of the object does not affect the motion. Shape of the object does not affect the motion. All objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum. -- Galileo.& Motion of Free Falling Object Roe (no air resistance) Center Constant Acceleration = g V = velocity X = distance weiant a = 98 m/sec” 2 Weight Vesat Xezat 2 Mass and shape of object does not affect the motion. All objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum. -- Galileo. [rime-sec To [i Jets [Ts Ts Toe [7 Ts | accal_misce anton tea tee tee fos toe tee fos [Velocity -m/seq 0 [9.8 [19.6] 29.4 | 30.2 | fosS& Forces on a Falling Object’ on (with air resistance) Center Weight is constant. W=mg Drag t Resistance (Drag) depends on D=Cd r ven square of velocity. 2 Motion of object (Newton’s second law). F=ma Weight | a=F = (W-D) m m When Drag is equal to Weight, acceleration is zero. Velocity becomes constant (terminal velocity).Gl Terminal Velocity Research Center Motion of a falling object with | | | | W = weight D = drag air resistance (drag). Cd = drag coefficient F=ma V = velocity T = air density a=F=Ww-D A = frontal area m m Drag When Drag is equal to Weight, acceleration is zero, velocity is constant. Then: W=D= Cd rv?A a Weight Terminal Velocity: VV = sqrt( w) Lower terminal velocity with large area or high drag coefficient.Lewis Possible Problems Research Center Airfoil Problems "Wind Tunnel" tests and reports Graphing - multiple graphs Units conversion Scientific notation Atmospheric tables — graphs — equations Flat plate foils — door in tornado - kites Race car wings Cl problems - scaling OTHERS Baseball Problems Curve ball theory Switch to softball Central force - trajectory Effect of altitude "Rising" curveball OTHERSGlenn SUMMARY Research Concepts related to aerodynamics can be used to demonstrate basic math and science principles The Beginner’s Guide to Aerodynamics is available on the World Wide Web for teachers and students FoilSim and other interactive programs are available for student exploration and learning Comments / QuestionsGlenn FoilSim Research Center Two interactive computer programs which simulate @ Design and testing of an airfoil. ®@ Throwing a big league curve ball. ® Includes teacher-generated activities. Distribution: The World Wide Web at http:/Awww.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K - 12/airplane/foil2 html http://www.grce.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/foil2b.html Download stand-alone version from http:/Avww.gre.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/FoilSim/index.html LTP Aerodynamics 2001 CD-ROMGlenn ey Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics Regearch enter Web-based textbook on the math and science of aircraft. ® Supports FoilSim. @ Includes fundamental background material. e Includes teacher-generated activities. New!--> @ Guided Tours New!--> ®@ Select Activities by Grade Level Distribution: The World Wide Web at http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/bga.html LTP Aerodynamics 2001 CD-ROM