Crankshaft

LESSON TWO
Crankshaft, Main Bearings and

Shaf Alignment
1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1.1 DEFINITION OF A CRANKSHAFT

The crankshaft converts reciprocating motion in the cylinder into rotary
motion of the propeller shaft.

1.2 PARTS

1.2 PARTS
The crankshaft is made up of throws and jurnals. A throw consists a pin
( secured or attached to big / bottom end bearings ) and two webs or
crancks. Jurnals rest or lie in the main bearings.

1.2 PARTS
1.3 STRESSES ( fluctuating )

1.2 PARTS

Bending ( when the piston is at TDC );

1.2 PARTS

Sheer stress ( in operation );

1.2 PARTS

Sheer stress ( in operation );
Torsion ( due to speed change, i.e. acceleration & deceleration )
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.4 MANUFACTURING
Solid forged built in a single piece ( small-slow speed engines )
1.4 MANUFACTURING
Semi-built design ( large medium-speed engines ). Crankpins &
webs are forged or cast in one piece and shrunk on to the journals.
1.4 MANUFACTURING
Fully-built ( cast in single piece webs are shrunk on to the
crankpins and journals
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
Carbon steel
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
Carbon steel
Alloy of nickel, chromium & molibdenum
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
Carbon steel
Specialy alloyed grey cast steel
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
Carbon steel
1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF CRANKS
1.4 MANUFACTURING
1.5 MATERIALS
Carbon steel
1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF CRANKS

Multi-throw shaft to provide for the engine firing order
2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.1 LOCATION

2.1 LOCATION
In the transverse saddles of the bedplate.

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE
To provide support for the crankshaft

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE
2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE

Used for crankshaft bearings and connecting rod big end bearings
( 4 stroke engines )

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE


Bearing metal ( white metal, copper-lead or aluminium-tin alloy,
leaded bronze );

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE


leaded bronze );
Nickel barrier ( separating the two layers );

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE


leaded bronze );
Galvanized layer ( good running-in and dry running properties )

2.1 LOCATION
2.2 PURPOSE


leaded bronze );
Galvanized layer ( good running-in and dry running properties )
Anti-corrosion layer ( lead or indium )
2.4 PARTS
2.4 PARTS
Upper & lower shells (fitted in bedplate seating / saddle )
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
Shims ( for adjusting vertical bearing play )
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
Pressure lubricated ( low pressure )
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.6.1 Measurement
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.6.1 Measurement
lead wire
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.6.1 Measurement
lead wire
wear gauge / bridge gauge
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.6.1 Measurement
lead wire
feeler gauge
2.4 PARTS
Thrust bolts
Covers
2.5 LUBRICATION
2.6 CLEARANCE
2.6.1 Measurement
lead wire
feeler gauge
kjaer feeler
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.6.2 Adjustment
This can be taken up by reducing the thickness of shims
between the bearing butts and the housing.
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
increased temperature
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
slight oil pressure drop ( sometimes followed by noise )
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
2.7.2 Kinds
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
2.7.2 Kinds
Squeezing of the overlay / white metal ( problems with oil
film formation );
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
2.7.2 Kinds
film formation );
Fatigue cracking ( due to poor quality, shaft misaligment or
local overload );
2.6.2 Adjustment
2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7.1 Indications
2.7.2 Kinds
film formation );
Fatigue cracking ( due to poor quality, shaft misaligment or
local overload );
Dislodgement of overlay or white metal ( due to
cracking );
Scoring ( striation due to presence of hard particles );
Scoring ( striation due to presence of hard particles );

Wiping ( misshaped overlay or white metal due to high
temperature )
3. CRANKSHAFT ALIGNMENT
Crankshafts are aligned to determine load reactions on each bearing. This is
done by laser tehnicques and computer calculations.
3.1 CHECKS
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
After replacing the main bearing
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
If the ship has grounded
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
3.1.2 Techniques
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
3.1.2 Techniques
The deflections are measured through one revolution of the
crankshaft by inserting a dial gauge / dial indicator gauge
betwee the webs.
3.1 CHECKS
3.1.1 Frequency
Once a year
3.1.2 Techniques
The deflections are measured through one revolution of the
crankshaft by inserting a dial gauge / dial indicator gauge
betwee the webs.
Measurements are taken at TDC, BDC and two horizontal web
positions.
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.3 Misalignment
Wear of main bearings;
3.1.3 Misalignment
Distortion of engine bedplate transverse members;
3.1.3 Misalignment
Damage to supporting ships structure.
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
Hogging is closing of the crank throw at TDC.
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
Sagging is opening of the crank throw at TDC.
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
3.1.5 Reports
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
3.1.5 Reports
Main engine crankshaft deflection report;
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
3.1.5 Reports
Main / auxiliary engine crankshaft deflection record;
3.1.3 Misalignment
3.1.4 Consequences
3.1.5 Reports
Main / auxiliary engine crankshaft deflection record;
Crankshaft and engine bearing data sheet.
LESSON TWO
Crankshaft, Main Bearings and

Shaf Alignment
(text)
The crankshaft, which converts the

reciprocating motion of the piston to rotating
motion, must resist the bending stresses
caused by the connecting rod thrust when the
piston is at top centre.
Then the maximum gas pressure acts straight
down on the crankpin and tends to bend the
shaft between the adjacent bearings. The
crankshaft must also withstand the torsional
forces produced by the change of speed.
Complete the sentences

The crankshaft converts ... ... to .... ....
It must resist the bending stresses caused by
the connecting rod thrust when ... ... .
Then the maximum gas pressure acts straight
down on the crankpin and tends to ... ....
The crankshaft must also withstand the ... ....
Lesson Two
Crankshaft, Main Bearings and Shaf

Alignment
(text)
Medium speed engines have crankshaft usually

solid forged, i.e. made from a single piece,
while slow speed engine crankshafts are mostly
of semi-built design with crankpins and webs
forged or cast in one piece and shrunk on to the
journals. The type of steel used, which is
carbon or alloy steel containing nickel, chromium
and molybdenum, is chosen for its strength,
resistance to fatigue and hardness of bearing
surface.
Medium speed engines have crankshaft usually

solid forged, i.e. made ... ...,
Slow speed engine crankshafts are mostly of
semi-built design with ... ...
They are ... or ... in one piece and ... on to the
journals.
The type of steel used for crakshafts is ... ...
It contains nickel, ... and must be resistant
to ... ....
The cranks of a multi-throw shaft are set at

appropriate angles giving a firing order for the
engine. The firing order is chosen primarily to
obtain a smooth torque and the best mechanical
balance. However, main bearings loads, exhaust
arrangements suitable for turbocharging and
torsional vibration may also be taken into
account. Although the crankshaft appears to be
robust, they rely on the main bearings to
develop their full strength.
cranks of a multi-throw shaft are set at appropriate

angles giving ... ...
The firing order is chosen primarily to obtain ... ...
and ... ...
However, we must also take ito account:
... loads,
exhaust arrangements suitable for ... and
... ...
Crankshaft rely on the ... ... to develop their full
strength.
When a crankshaft has to be handled

outside the engine, it should be carefully
supported to avoid high bending moments
on it by its own weight. In the engine it is
essential to ensure that the bearings
carrying it are in good alignment, as
bearing misalignment will cause the
crankshaft to bend and eventually break
it.
When a crankshaft has to be handled

outside the engine, it should be carefully
supported to _____ high bending
moments on it by its own weight. In the
engine it is essential to ensure that the
bearings carrying it are in ______
alignment, as bearing misalignment will
______ the crankshaft to bend and
eventually break it.
The main bearing shells are made of steel with

a lining of bearing metal which can be white
metal, copper-lead or aluminium-tin alloy. A thin
flash of lead or indium is often added to provide
a layer giving protection against corrosion. The
shells are held in position and shape by
seatings of the bedplate or frame.To ensure
efficient and reliable operation the crankshaft
should be checked periodically for alignment by
measuring the deflection of the webs.
The main bearing shells are made ... steel with

a lining ... bearing metal which can be white
metal, copper-lead ... aluminium-tin alloy. A thin
flash of lead or indium is often added ... provide
a layer giving protection ... corrosion. The shells
are held ... position and shape by seatings of
the bedplate or frame. ... ensure efficient and
reliable operation the crankshaft should be
checked periodically ... alignment by measuring
the deflection ... the webs.
QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

1. State the function of the crankshaft.
2. What forces is a crankshaft subjected to?
3. What kind of crankshafts arer used in: a) Medium speed diesel
4. Slow speed diesel
5. 4. What does the choice of steel type for crankshaft depend on?
6. What is the firing order?
7. What else is taken into consideration in designing a crankshaft?
8. Why should special care be taken when handling crankshafts outside the engine?
9. How are the main bearing shells protected from corrosion?
10. How are crankshafts positioned in the engine with respect to their connection to the
shaft?
11. What is a journal bearing? What other types of bearings do you know?
12. What is the function of the webs?
13. How are the main bearings examined for possible wear?
Test
CRANKSHAFT, MAIN BEARINGS AND
SHAFT ALINGNMENT
The crankshaft, which converts the _________ motion of the piston

to rotating motion, must resist the _________ stresses caused by
the connecting rod _________ when the piston is at top centre.
Then the maximum gas pressure acts straight down on the
_________ and tends to bend the shaft between the adjacent
_________ . The crankshaft must also _________ the torsional
forces produced by the change of speed.
Medium speed engines have crankshaft usually solid _________ ,
i.e. made from a single piece, while slow speed engine crankshafts
are mostly of semi-built design with crankpins and _________
forged or cast in one piece and shrunk on to the _________ . The
type of steel used, which is carbon or alloy steel containing nickel,
chromium and molybdenum, is chosen for its strength, resistance to
_________ and hardness of bearing surface.

Crankshaft

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LESSON TWO

Crankshaft, Main Bearings and

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1.3 STRESSES ( fluctuating )

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1.3 STRESSES ( fluctuating )

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1.3 STRESSES ( fluctuating )

1. CRANKSHAFT,MAIN BEARINGS & SHAFT ALIGNMENT

1.3 STRESSES ( fluctuating )

1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF CRANKS

1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF CRANKS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2. MAIN BEARINGS / CRANKSHAFT BEARINGS

2.3 MATERIAL ( multilayer bearings )

Steel support shell ( basic element );

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

2.7 BEARING DAMAGES

Scoring ( striation due to presence of hard particles );

Scoring ( striation due to presence of hard particles );

Crankshaft, Main Bearings and

The crankshaft, which converts the

Complete the sentences

Crankshaft, Main Bearings and Shaf

Medium speed engines have crankshaft usually

Medium speed engines have crankshaft usually

The cranks of a multi-throw shaft are set at

cranks of a multi-throw shaft are set at appropriate

When a crankshaft has to be handled

When a crankshaft has to be handled

The main bearing shells are made of steel with