ATOMS AND

MOLECULES
Presented byEngr asad

What is an Atom?

Atom can be defined as the smallest particle of matter

that takes part in a chemical reaction.

How big are Atoms?

Atoms are very small, they are smaller than anything
that we can imagine or compare with.

Characters of atoms:

Atom is the smallest particle of matter.

All elements are made of tiny particles called atom.

Atoms are very small in size and cannot be seen through

naked eyes.

Atom does not exist in free-state in nature. But atom takes

part in a chemical reaction.

The properties of a matter depend upon the characteristics of

atoms.

Atoms are the building block of an element similar to a brick

which combine together to make a building.

The size of atoms is indicated by its radius.

In ancient time atoms was considered indivisible.

Symbols of Atoms of Different

Elements
Symbols of some elements are formed
from the first letter of the name and a letter,
appearing later in the name.
E.g.: (i) chlorine: Cl, (ii) zinc: Zn etc
Some have been taken from the
names of elements in Latin, German or Greek.
E.g.: s Iron is Fe from ferrum,
Sodium is Na from natrium,
Potassium is K from kalium

Atomic Mass

Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are very small
consequently actual mass of an atom is very small. For example the
actual mass of one atom of hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x 10 -24g. This is
equal to 0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such small
number is very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is
used.

Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded

together, that is, tightly held together by attractive forces.

Atomicity of Molecules

Mono-atomic:When molecule is formed by single atom

only, it is called mono-atomic molecule. Generally noble
gases form mono-atomic molecules. For example: Helium
(He), Neon (Ne),

Di-atomic:When molecule is formed by the combination

of two atoms of it is called diatomic molecule. For
example: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2),
Chlorine (Cl2), etc.

Tri-atomic:When molecule is formed by the combination

of three atoms it is called tri-atomic molecule. For
example: molecule of ozone (O3)

 Tetra-atomic:-When

molecule is formed by the

combination of four atoms it is called tetraatomic molecule. For example: Phosphorous
molecule (P4)

Polyatomic:-When

molecule is formed by the

combination of more than two atoms, it is
called polyatomic molecule. For example:
Sulphur molecule (S8)

All metals are mono-atomic.

All gases are di-atomic.

Molecules of different
Elements

The molecules of an element are constituted by the

same type of atoms.

e.g.: O + O O2 (Oxygen Gas) di-atomic

O + O + O O3 (Ozone) tri-atomic
4P P4 (Phosphorous) tetra-atomic
8S S8 (Sulphur) poly-atomic

Ions

Particles carrying positive or negative charges are called

ions.
Types of ions:

1.

Cations: Positively charged ions E.g.: Al3+, Ca2+

2.

Anions: Negatively charged ions E.g.: Cl, Br

All metals form cations by loosing electrons.

All non-metals form anions by gaining electrons.

Chemical Formulae

The

chemical formula of a
compound is a symbolic
representation of its composition.
e.g.: H20 (Water), CaO (Calcium
Oxide), NH3 (Ammonia) , K2SO4
(Potassium sulphate) etc.

Concept of writing chemical

formulae
The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal,
the name or symbol of the metal is written first. For
example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaCl),
iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO) etc., where
oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are
written on the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and
copper are metals, and are written on the left.
In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is
enclosed in a bracket before writing the number to
indicate the ratio.

Mole Concept

One mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or

particles) is that quantity in number having a mass
equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.

23 in number
1 mole (of anything) = 6.0221023

Mass of 1 mole of a particular substance is always fixed.

Avogadros Number

It was named after the Italian scientist named Amedeo

Avogadro.

It is denoted by.

23
Its value is 6.0221023

Ao is equal to 1 mole.

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