2-4

Find the heat transfer per unit area through the

composite wall sketched. Assume one-dimensional
heat flow.
q

kA = 150 W/m C
kB = 30
T = 370C
kC = 50
kD = 70
2.5 cm
AB = AD

AC = 0.1 m2

B
C

A
D
7.5 cm

T = 66C
5.0 cm

(NEXT)
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-4

Solution:

x
0.025
, RA
1.667 x10 - 4 /A
k A
150 A
2 0.075 0.01
RB
30 A
A
0.05
0.001
RC

50 A
A
2 0.075 0.0043
RD
70 A
A
1
R RA RC
2.667 x10 - 2
1
1

RB
RD
R

T
370 66

R
2.667 x10 - 2

11400 W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-14 A spherical tank, 1 m in diameter, is maintained at a

emperature of 120C and exposed to a convection
environment. With h = 25 W/m2 C and T = 15 C, what
thickness of urethane foam should be added to ensure that
the outer temperature of the insulation does not exceed
40C? What percentage reduction in heat loss results from
installing this insulation?

q (no insul.) h A (TW T )

25 (4) 0.5 2 (120 - 15)
8247 W
(NEXT)
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-14 Solution, contd:

mW
k FOAM 18
m C
4k (Ti TO )
2
q
h 4 rO (TO - T )
1
1
ri
rO
0.018 (120 40)
2

(25) rO ( 40 15)
1
1
0.5 rO
rO 0.5023 m
thickness rO ri 0.0023 m
q (w/insul.) 25 (4) (0.5023) 2 ( 40 15)
1982 W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-20 A 1.0 mm diameter wire is maintained at a temperature

of 400C and exposed to a convection environment at
40C with h = 120 W/m2 C. Calculate the thermal
conductivity which will just cause an insulation
thickness of 0.2 mm to produce a critical radius.
How much of this insulation
must be added to
reduce the heat transfer by 75 percent from that which
would be experienced by the bare wire.
r 0.5 mm 5x10 -4 m
i

k
5 x10 - 4 2x10 - 4 7 x10 - 4
h
k 7x10 - 4 120 0.084 W
m C
q (bare wire) (0.001)120(400 - 40)
135.7 W
m
q (insulated) 135.7 (0.25) 33.93 W
rO

400 - 40
rO

ln
-4
1
5 x10

2 (0.084)
2 (120) rO

33.93

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

(L = 1 m)
5

By iteration : rO 135 mm, Thickness 134.5 mm

2-27 An insulation system is to be selected for a furnace

wall at 1000C using first a layer of mineral wool blocks
followed by fiberglass boards. The outside of the
insulation is exposed to an environment with h = 15
W/m2 C and T = 40C. Using the data of Table 2-1,
calculate the thickness of each insulating material
such that the interface temperature is not greater than
400C and the outside temperature is not greater than
55C. Use mean values for thermal conductivities.
What is the heat lost in this wall in watts per square
meter?
400C
mW
k M 90
1000C
m C
M
F
55C
mW
k F 42
m C
1
2
3
(NEXT)
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-27 Solution:

q
h (T3 T ) 15 (55 - 40) 225 W
2
m
A

q
1000 400
kM
x M 0.24 m
A
x M

q
400 55
kF
x F 0.0644 m
A
x F

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-28 Derive an expression for the temperature distribution

in a plane wall having uniformly distributed heat
sources and one face maintained at a temperature T1
while the other face is maintained at a temperature T2.
The thickness of the wall may be taken as 2L.

d T
q

0
2
dx
k

T1

T2
L

L
X

dT
q

x C1
dx
k

q x2
T C1 x C 2
2k

(NEXT)
PANKAJ
R. CHANDAR

2-28 Solution contd:

Boundary Conditions:
1) at X= -L, T=T1

2) at X=L, T=T2

q x2
T C1 x C 2
2k

The general solution is

Substituting boundary conditions yields:

q
T T1
T T2
( L2 X 2 ) 2
X 1
2k
2L
2
For temp. distribution on the wall.

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

2-39 A 3.0 cm thick plate has heat generated uniformly at

the rate of 5x105 W/m3. One side of the plate is
maintained at 200C and the other side at 50C.
Calculate the temperature at the center of the plate for
k = 20 W/m C.
Use solution from Prob. 2-28
T = T0 at X = 0

q
T1 T2
2
T0
L
2k
2
5x10 5 (0.015) 2
200 50

127.8 C
2 (20)
2

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

10

2-45

Derive an expression for the temperature

distribution in a sphere of radius
r with uniform
.
heat generation q and constant surface temperature
TW.
T=TW @ r = R steady state, T varies only w/r
1 2 (rT)
1

T
2
sin

2
r r
r sin

1
T
q
1 T

r 2 sin 2 2
k
t
This reduces to :
2

1 d ( rT)
q
d ( rT)
qr

r d r2
k
d r2
k
Integrating yields :

q r2
C2
T
C1
6k
r

(NEXT)
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

11

2-45 Solution contd.

Boundary Conditions :
4
3
2 d T
q
R k 4 R
3
d r

1)

d T
qr

d r
3k

dT
3)
d r

2) T TW @ r R

0 , then C1 TW

q R2

6k

C2 0

T - TW

R 2 r2
6k

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

12

2-46 A stainless steel sphere [k = 16 W/m C] having a

diameter of 4 cm is expesed to a convection
environment at 20C, h = 15 W/m2 C. Heat is generated
uniformly in the sphere at a rate of 1.0 MW/m3.
Calculate the steady state temperature for the center of
the sphere.
From Prob. 2 - 45

R 2 r2
6k
1x10 6 (0.02) 2
T0 - TW
4.17 C
6 (16)

4
q qV q
R 3 h 4 r 2 (TW - T )
3
1x10 6 (0.02)
TW - T
444.4 C
3 (15)
T - TW

T0 444.4 4.17 448.6 C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

13

2-53 Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for Prob.

2-4.

1
1
W
U

32.11
-2
R
3.114 x10
m 2 C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

14

2-62 An aluminum rod 2.5 cm in diameter and 15 cm long

protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 260C.
The rod is exposed to an environment at 16C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2 C.
Calculate the heat lost by the rod.
k 204

W
d
2 .5
,
L

15

C
m C
4
4
16.25 cm
1

m LC

15 0.025 4 2
h P

3.43
2
k A

204

0
.
025

3.43 0.1625 0.5573

h Pk A

tanh m L C

(0.025)
15 0.025 ( 204)

42.41 W
2

260 16

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

tanh 0.5573

15

2-67 An aluminum fin 1.6 mm thick is placed on a circular

tube with 2.5 cm OD. The fin is 6.4 mm long. The tube
wall is intained at 150C, the environment temperature
is 15C, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is
23 W/m2 C. Calculate the heat lost by the fin.

W
k 210
m C
t
LC L
6.4 0.8 7.2 mm
2
r2C r1 L C 1.25 0.72 1.97
r2C
1.576
r1

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

16

2-67

Solution contd.

A M t (r2C r1 ) 0.0016 0.0072

1.152 x10 -5 m 2
LC

k AM

0.0072

23
210 1.152 x10 -5

0.0596
From Fig. 2 - 11, f 97 %

q MAX 2 h r2C

r1

T 4.523 W

q (0.97)(4.523) 4.387 W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

17

2-91 A 1.0 mm thick aluminum fin surrounds a

2.5 cm
diameter tube. The length of the fin is 1.25 cm. The fin
is exposed to a convection environment at 30C with h
= 75 W/m2 C. The tube surface is maintained at 100 C.
Calculate the heat lost by the fin.

r1 = 1.25 cm, r2 = 2.5 cm, r2C = 2.55 cm

LC = 1.3 cm, k = 204
LC

h
k AM

0.249,

f 0.91

q 0.91 2 75 0.0255 2 0.0125 2

100 30

14.83 W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

18

2-118 Consider aluminum circumferential fins with r1 = 1.0

cm, r2 = 2.0 cm, and thicknesses of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0
mm. The convection coefficient is 160 W/m2 C.
Compare the heat transfers for six 1.0 mm fins, three
2.0 mm fins, and two 3.0 mm fins. What do you
conclude? Repeat for h = 320 W/m2 C.
k = 204 W/m C
1.0 mm Fin LC = 1.05
cm
1
LC

k
A
M

f 0.88

160
0.0105 2

204
0
.
001
0
.
0105

0.294

q 6160 0.02052 0.012 2 T 0.88

1.7 T

(NEXT)
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

19

2-3. A composite wall is formed of a 2.5 cm copper

plate, a 3.2mm layer of asbestos, and a 5 cm layer
of fiberglass. The wall is subjected to an overall
temperature difference of 560 C . Calculate the
heat-flow per area through the composite
structure.
q
560
W

419
A 0.025 3.2 *10 3 0.05
m2

386
0.16
0.038

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

20

2-5. One side of a copper block 5 cm thick is maintained

at 260 C. the other side is covered with a layer of
fibergalss 2.5 cm thick. The outside of fiberglass is
maintained at 38 C, and the total flow through the
copper fiberglass combination is 44kW. What is the
area of slab?

44000
260 38

0.05 0.025
A

386 0.038
2
A 130.4m
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

21

2-6. An outside wall for a building consists of a 10 cm

layer of common brick and a 2.5 cm layer of
fiberglass [k=0.05W/m C]. Calculate the heat
flow through the copper fiberglass combination is 44
kW. What is the area of slab?
q
45
W

69.78 2
0
.
10
0
.
025
A
m

0.69 0.05

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

22

2-7. One side of a copper block 4 cm thick is

maintained at 175 C. The other side is covered
with a layer of fiberglass 1.5cm thick. The outside
of the fiberglass is maintained at 80 C, and the
total heat flow through the composite slab is
300W. What is the area of the slab?
q T

A R
300
175 80

0.04 0.015
A

386 0.038
A 1.247m 2

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

23

2-10. A wall is constructed of 2.0 cm of copper, 3.0 mm

of asbestos sheet [k=0.166W/m C], and 6.0 cm of
fiberglass. Calculate the heat flow per unit area
for an overall temperature difference of 500 C.
0.02
RCu
5.35 *10 5
374
0.003
RAs
0.0181
0.166
0.06
RF 1
1.579
0.038
q 500
W

313 2
A R
m

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

24

2-12. A wall is constructed of a section of stainless steel

[k=16W/m C] 4.0 mm thick with identical layer
of plastic on both side of steel. The overall heattransfer coefficient, considering convection on
both sides of the plastic, is 120 W.m2 C. If the
overall temperature difference across the
arrangement is 60 C, calculate the temperature
difference across the stainless steel.

Take A 1m 2
x 0.004
1
1
R SS

0.00025; R overall
0.00833
k
16
U 120
TSS
R SS
0.00025

0.03; TSS (0.03)(60) 1.8C

Toverall R overall 0.00833
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

25

2-13. An ice chest is constructed of Styrofoam

[k=0.033W/m C] with inside dimensions of 25 by
40 by 100cm. The wall thickness is 5.0 cm. The
outside of the chest is exposed to air at 25 C with
h=10W/m2 C. If the chest is completely filled with
ice, calculate the time for the ice to completely
mely. State your assumptions. The heat of fusion
for water is 330kJ/kg.
Ice at 0C

999.8kg/m 3

V (0.25)(0.4)(1.0) 0.1m 3
m 100kg
g (100)(330 *103 ) 3.3 *107 J

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

26

A i (2)(0.25)(0.4) (2)(0.4)(1.0) (2)(0.25)(1.0)

1.5m 2
A 0 (2)(0.35)(0.5) (2)(0.5)(1.1) (2)(0.35)(1.1)
2.22m 2
Am 1.86m 2
x
0.05

0.8146
kA (0.033)(1.86)
1
R0
0.04
hA0
Rs

R 0.8596
Q 3.3 *107

25 - 0

0.135 *106sec 315hr 13days

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

27

2-15. A hollow sphere is constructed of aluminum with

an inner diameter of 4 cm and an outer diameter
of 8 cm. The inside temperature is 100 C and the
outer temperature is 50 C. Calculate the heat
transfer.

4k(i T0 )
q
1 1

ri r0

W
(k 204
)
mC

(4)4)(20100 - 50)

5127W
1
1

0.02 0.04

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

28

2-18. A steel pipe with 5-cm OD is covered with a

6.4mm asbestos insulation [k=0.096 Btu/h ft F]
followed by a 2.5 cm layer of fiberglass
insulation [k=0.028 Btu/h ft F]. The pipe wall
temperature is 315, and the outside insulation
temperature is 38 C. Calculate the interface
temperature between the asbestos and fiberglass.

k A 0.166

k f 0.0485

W
mC

315 Ti
Ti 38

ln(31.4/25) ln(56.4/31.4)
0.166
0.0485
0.7283(315 Ti ) 0.0828(Ti 38)
Ti 286.7C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

29

2-23.A cylindrical tank 80 cm in diameter and 2.0 m

high contains water at 80 C. the tank is 90 percent
full, and insulation is to be added so that the water
temperature will not drop more than 2 C per
hour. Using the information given in this chapter,
specify an insulating material and calculate the
thickness required for the specified cooling rate.

M W @90%full (0.9)(970)(0.8) 2 (2) 905kg

@2C/hr q (3511)(4191)(2)/3600 2106W
A S 2(0.42 (0.8)(2) 6.032m 2
Fiberglass boards with k 40mW/mC
(40 *10-3 )(6.032)(80 - 20)
x
0.68cm
2106
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

30

2-24. A hot steam pipe having an inside surface

temperature of 250 C has an inside diameter of 8
cm and a wall thickness of 5.5 mm. It is covered
with a 9 cm layer of insulation having k=0.5W/m
C, followed by a 4-cm layer of insulation having
k=0.25W/m C. The outside temperature of
insulation is 20 C. Calculate the heat lost per
meter of length. Assume k=47W/m C for the pipe.
For 1m length :
ln(9.1/8)
ln(27.1/9.1)
R(pipe)
4.363 *10 4 ; R(ins1)
0.3474
2(47
2(0.5
ln(35.1/27.1)
R(ins2)
0.1647
2(0.25
R(tot) 1.172
q T/R (250 20)/1.172 449W/m

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

31

2-25. A house wall may be approximated as two 1.2 cm

layers of fiber insulating board, a 8.0 cm layer of
loosely packed asbestos, and a 10 cm layer of
common brick. Assuming convection heattransfer coefficients of 15 W/m2 C on both sides
of the wall, calculate the overall heat-transfer
coefficient for this arrangement.
Fiberglass k 0.038 x 1.2cm * 2

Asbestos

k 0.1547 x 8.0cm

W
brick
k 0.69
x 10cm h 15 2 * 2
m C
1
W
U
0.70 2
2 (2)(0.012) 0.08
0.1
m C

15
0.038
0.154 0.69
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

32

2-30. A plane wall 6.0 cm thick generates heat internally

at the rate of 0.3 MW/m3. One side of the wall is
insulated, and the other side is exposed to an
environment at 93C. the convection heat-transfer
coefficient between the wall and the environment is
570W/m2 C. The thermal conductivity of the wall is
21 W/m C. Calculate the maximum temperature in
the wall.
q 0.30MW/m 3 Same as half of wall 15 cm thick

with convection on each side

g L2 (0.30 *106 )(0.060) 2
T0 - TW

25.7C
2k
(2)(21)
q LA hA(TW - T )

TW - T (0.30 *106 )(0.060) 31.6C

T0 Tmax 93 25.7 31.6 150.3C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

33

2-34. Heat is generated in a 2.5-cm-square copper rod at

the rate of 35.3MW/m3. The rod is exposed to a
convection environment at 20 C, and the heattransfer coefficient is 4000 W/m2 C. Calculate the
surface temperature of the rod.

q AL hPL(Tw T )
(35.3 *10 6 )(0.025) 2 (4000)(4)(0.025)(Tw 20)
Tw 75.16C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

34

2-40. Heat is generated uniformly in a stainless steel

plate having k=20W/m C. The thickness of the
plate is 1.0 cm and the heat-generation rate is
500 MW/m3. If the two sides of the plate are
maintained at 100 and 200 C respectively,
calculate the temperature at the center of the
plate for k=20W/m C.
Use solution from Prob. 2 28
T T0@x 0
q 2 T1 T2 (500 *10 6 )(0.005) 2 100 200
T0
L

2k
2
(2)(20)
2
462.5C
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

35

2-41.A plate having a thickness of 4.0mm has an

internal heat generation of 200 MW/m3 and a
thermal conductivity of 25 W/m C. One side of
the plate is insulated and the other side is
maintained at 100 C. calculate the maximum
temperature in the plate.
Behavs like half a plate having a thinkness
of 8mm. Max Temp is at x 0
qL2
T0
Tw
2k
L 0.004m

T w 100C

(200 *106 )(0.004)

T0
100 164C
(2)(25)

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

36

2-51. Water flows on the inside of a steel pipe with an ID

of 2.5 cm. The wall thickness is 2mm, and the
convection coefficient on the inside is 500W/m2 C.
The convection coefficient on the outside is 12
W/m2 C. Calculate the overall heat-transfer
coefficient. What is the main determining factor
for U?
k 43
Ui

W
mC
1

1.45
ln(
) (0.025)
1
0.025 1
1.25

( )
500
(2 )(43)
0.029 12
1
2

13
.
54
W
/
m
C
3
5
3
2 *10 4.31*10 71.84 *10

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

37

5-52.The pipe in Prob. 2-51 is covered with a layer of

asbestos[k=0.18W/m C] while still surrounded
by a convection environment with h=12W/m2 C.
Calculate the critical insulation radius. Will the
heat transfer be increased or decreased by
adding an insulation thickness of (a) 0.5mm, (b)
10mm?

r0 k / h 0.18 / 12 0.015m 1.5cm

a)r0 1.25 0.05 1.3cm(increased )
b)r0 1.25 1.0 2.25cm(decreased )
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

38

2-56.An insulating glass window is constructed of two

5-mm glass plates separated by an air layer
having a thickness of 4 mm. The air layer may
be considered stagnant so that pure conduction
is involved. The convection coefficients for the
inner and outer surface are 12 and 50 W/m2 C,
respectively. Calculate the overall heat-transfer
coefficient for this arrangement, and the R
value. Repeat the calculation for a single glass
plate 5 mm thick.

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

39

A 1m 2
R glass x/k 0.005 6.41*10 3
x
0.004 0.1538
k
R conv1 1/h 1/12 0.0833
R air

R conv2 1/50 0.02

1
U
(2)(6.41*10 3 ) 0.1538 0.0833 0.02
1/0.2699 3.705W/m 2 C
R 0.2699
singe glass plate : R 6.41*10-3 0.0833 0.02 0.01097
U 1/R 9.11W/m 2 C

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

40

2-60. One end of a copper rod 30 cm long is firmly

connected to a wall which is maintained at 200 C.
The other end is firmly connected to a wall which is
maintained at 93 C. Air is blown across the rod so
that a heat transfer coefficient of 17W/m2 C is
maintained. The diameter of the rod is 12.5mm.
The temperature of the air is 38 C. What is the net
heta lost to the air in watts?

d 2 hP

0
2
dx
kA
let m hP , T 38 L 30cm h 17
kA
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

41

 c1e mx c 2 e -mx@x 0, 200 - 38 162

d 2
k 386 d A
x 0.3 93 - 38 55
4
m [(17) (0.0125)(4)]1 3.754
162 c1 c2 , 55 3.084c1 0.324c 2 , c1 0.91 c 2 161.09
0.91e mx 161.09e -mx
L

1
q hPdx hP ( )[0.91e mx 161.09e mx ]0L
m
0
hPkA[0.91e mx 161.09e mx ]00.3
1
2 2

[(17) (0.0125)(386) (0.0125) ] * [0.91e mx 161.09e mx ]00.3

122.7W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

42

2-66. A very long copper rod[k=372Wm C] 2.5 cm in

diameter has one end maintained at 90 C. The
rod is exposed to a fluid whose temperature is 40
C. The heat-transfer coefficient is 3.5 W/m2 C.
How much heat given up by the rod?
1

q hPkA 0 [(24) (0.025)(385) (0.025) ] 2 (150 20)

2

10.05W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

43

2-70. A 2.5-cm-diameter tube has circumferential fins of

rectangular profile spaced at 9.5-mm increments
along its length. The fins are constructed of
aluminum and are 0.8 mm thick and 12.5 mm long.
The tube wall temperature is maintained at 200 C,
and the environment temperature is 93 C. The
heat-transfer coefficient of 28 W/m2 C. Calculated
the heat loss from the tube per meter of length.
Tw 200C T 93C L 12.5mm t 0.8mm
r1 1.25cm k 204 L c 12.9mm h 110 r2c 2.54
3/2

r2c/r1 2.03 A m 1.03 *10-5 m 2 L c (h/kA m )1/2 0.335

f 0.87 No. of fins 1.0/0.0095 105.3

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

44

Tube Surface area (105.3) (0.025)(9.5 0.8)(10 3 )

0.0719m 2
Tube heat transfer (110 )(0.0719)(200 93) 846.6W
q/fin (0.87)(2) (110 )(0.0254 2 0.01252 )(200 93)
31.46W
Total fin heat transfer (31.46)(105.3) 3312W
Total heat transfer 846.6 3312 4159W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

45

2-72. A straight rectangular fin 2.0 cm thick and 14 am

long is constructed of steel and placed on the
outside of a wall maintained at 200 C. The
environment temperature is 15 C, and the heattransfer coefficient for convection is 20 W/m2 C.
Calculate the heat lost from the fin per unit depth.
3/2

k 43C t 2cm h 20 L c 15cm L c (

h 1/2
) 0.723
kA m

f 0.75
q (0.75)(20)()(0.15)200 15) 833

W
depth
m

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

46

2-76. A long stainless-steel rod [k=16W/m C] has a

square cross section 12.5 by 12.5 mm and has one
end maintained at 250 C. The heat-transfer
coefficient is 40 W/m2 C, and the environment
temperature is 90 C. Calculate the heat lost by
the rod.

k 16 h 40 T0 250C T 90C
P (4)(0.0125) 0.05m
A (0.0125) 2 1.565 *10 4 m 2
q hPkA 0
[(40)(0.05)(16)(1.565 *10 4)]1/2 (250 90)
11.31W
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

47

2-81. A straight rectangular fin has a length of 2.0cm

and a thickness of 1.5mm. The thermal
conductivity is 55W/m C, and it is exposed to a
convection environment at 20 C and h=500W/m2
C. Calculate the maximum possible heat loss for
a base temperature of 200 C. What is the actual
heat loss?

L c 2.075cm

q max (500)(2)(0.02075)(200 - 20)

3735W/m

h 1/ 2
Lc (
)
kA m
3/2

f 42%

q act (0.42)(3735) 1569W/m

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

48

2-84. A circumferential fin of rectangular profile is

constructed of aluminum and surrounds 3-cmdiameter tube. The fin is 2 cm long and 1 mm
thick. The tube wall temperature is 200 C, and the
fine is exposed to a fluid at 20 C with a convection
heat-transfer coefficient of 80 W/m2 C. Calculate
the heat from the fin.

r1 1.5cm L 2cm r2 3.5cm t 1mm h 80

k 200 L c 3.55cm Lc3/2 (

h 1/2
) 0.41
kA m

r2c
2.37 f 0.81
r1
q (80)80)(552 0.0152 )(2)(200 20)(0.81) 75.9W
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

49

2-87. A straight fin having a triangular profile has a

length of 5 cm and a thickness of 4 mm and is
constructed of a material having k=23W/m C.
the fin is exposed to surrounds with a convection
coefficient of 56 W/m2 C and a temperature of 40
C. The base of the fin is maintain at 200 C.
Calculate the heat lost per unit depth of fin.
L 5cm Lc 5cm t 4mm k 23 h 20
h 1/2
Lc (
) 1.042 f 0.68 q f hA 0
kAm
m2
2
2 1/2
A (2)(0.002 0.05 ) 0.10008
mdepth
q (0.68)(20)(0.10008)(200 40) 217.8W/m
3/2

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

50

2-89. A circumferential fin of rectangular profile is

constructed of stainless steel(18% Cr, 8%Ni).
The thickness of the fin is 2.0mm, the inside
radius is 2.0 cm, and the length is 8.0 cm. The
base temperature is maintained at 135 C and
the fine is exposed to a convection environment
at 15 C with h=20W/m2 C. Calculate the heat
lost by the fin.
t 2mm, r1 2.0cm , r 2 10.0cm, L 8cm, Lc 8.1cm
2c 10.2cm, h 20, k 17, Lc3/2 (

h 1/2
) 1.96
kAm

f 0.33
g (0.33)(2)(0.02555)(500)(125 - 20) 885W/m

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

51

2-95. A straight fin of rectangular profile is constructed

of stainless steel(18% Cr, 8%Ni)and has a length
of 5 cm and a thickness of 2.5 cm. The base
temperature is maintained at 100 C and the fin is
exposed to a convection environment at 20 C
with

k 17, h 47, L 5cm, t 3.5cm, t 2.5cm,

h 1/ 2
Lc (
) 0.657, f 0.8
kAm
q (0.8)(47)(2)(0.0625)(100 - 20) 376W/m
3/2

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

52

2-97. A circular fin of rectangular profile is attached to

3.0-cm-diameter tube maintained at 100 C. The
outside diameter of the fin thickness is 1.0mm. The
environment has a convection coefficient of the
material for a fin efficiency of 60 percent.

r1 1.5cm, r2 4.5cm, t 1.0mm, h 50, r2c 4.55cm

r2c
Lc 3.05cm, k 204, f 0.6,
3
r1
h 1/2
Lc (
) 0.78
kAm
1
3 50
k
[0.0305]
76.5W/mC
2
(0.001)(0.0305)
0.78
3/2

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

53

2-98. A circumferential fin of rectangular profile having a

thickness of 1.0mm and a length of 2.0 cm is place
on a 2.0-cm-diameter tube. The tube temperature is
150 C, the environment temperature is 20 C, and
h=200W/m2 C. The fin is aluminum. Calculate the
heat lost by the fin.
t 1.0mm, L 2.0cm, 1 1.0cm, h 200, k 204,
h 1/ 2
Lc 2.05cm, 2c 3.05cm, Lc (
) 0.642
kAm
r2c 0.305 f 0.68
3/2

q (0.68)(200)(2) (0.03052 - 0.012 )(150 - 20) 92.2W

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

54

2-103. An aluminum fin is attached to a transistor which

generates heat at the rate of 300mW. The fin has a
total surface area of 9.0cm2 and fin is 0.9*10-4m2
C/W, and the contact area is 0.5cm2. Estimate the
temperature of the transistor, assuming the fin is
uniform in temperature.
1/h c 0.9 *10 4 , A c 0.5cm 2 , q 300mW
Assume fin @27C
1
4
q (300 *10 )
(
0
.
5
)(
10
)(Tt 27)
4
0.9 *10
Tt 27.54C
-3

PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

55

2-118 Solution contd.

2.0 mm Fin LC = 1.1 cm

h
LC

k
A
M

f 0.92
3

0.218

q 3160 0.0212 0.012 2 T 0.92

0.95 T

3.0 mm Fin LC = 1.15 cm

h
LC

k
A
M

f 0.95
3

0.186

q 2160 0.02152 0.012 2 T 0.95

0.69 T

Conclusion: Several thin fins are better than a

few thick
fins. More heat transfer for the same weight of fins.
PANKAJ R. CHANDAR

56