P545 and P546

Protection for SONET/SDH Systems

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P545 and P546

Protection for SONET/SDH Systems

t3

End B

t p = tp1 =tp2 =

nt v
ec
Cur
re

t1

tp1

> Title of presentation - Date - References

tp2

P541 to P544 assume tp1 = tp2

So, propagation delay tp is given by:-

t1
st d t 3

tors

td

or
vect
rent
Cur

t1

t2

t4 End A

(t4 - t1 - t d )
2

This value is used to realign vectors,

thus allowing phase and magnitude
information to be compared at line ends

BUT: For SONET systems, tp1

can be different than tp2

SONET/SDH Ring
Configuration
Node
2

Node
1

Node
6

Node
3

Standby
path
tp2
Node
5
P545/6
End A

tp1
tp2

Worker path

Node
4

tp1

P545/6
End B
Line

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Normal Communications:
Propagation Delays Equal
Node
2

Node
1

Node
6

Node
3

Standby
path
tp2
Node
5
P545/6
End A

tp1
tp2

Worker path

Node
4

tp1

P545/6
End B
Line

> Title of presentation - Date - References

One Worker Channel Lost:

Part Routing via Standby Channel
Node
2

Node
1

Node
6

Node
3

Now, tp2 > tp1

tp2
Node
5
P545/6
End A

tp1
tp2

Node
4

tp1

P545/6
End B
Line

> Title of presentation - Date - References

SONET/SDH Ring
Failure of Comms Path

Normally comms. data is sent via the worker path

If one worker channel is lost, the affected messages are
routed via the standby path
As the worker and standby propagation delays are not
equal, time alignment of vectors could be lost
Error in time alignment gives higher differential current
which may give an unwanted trip
P541 to P544 provide stability until both Tx and Rx
channels switch to the protection path
P545 or P546 may be required where a split routing can
be prolonged
7

> Title of presentation - Date - References

SONET/SDH ring
Limitations of P541-P544 Algorithm

Conventional LFCB/P540 algorithm may not be suitable

for systems where a semi-permanent differential comms.
delay can be present

Operation is not impaired if the propagation time difference

(Standby path - Worker path) is less than 1ms

Operation is not affected if Tx and Rx are both switched to

the protection path in less than 10ms*, or for longer (up to
500ms) when using the transient bias feature

If neither of the above criteria are satisfied, the P545 or

P546 with GPS synchronism must be used

(Key: * = 10ms on 50Hz system, half cycle)

8

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P540 Current Differential Relays GPS or Conventional Applications

P545 Differential for Plain Feeders with Backup Distance
Protection and 1/3 Pole Autoreclose, (80TE / 19)
P546 Differential for Mesh Corner/Breaker and a Half with
Backup Distance Protection, (80TE / 19)

> Title of presentation - Date - References

MiCOM P594

Incorporates a GPS receiver

Indicates the number of

satellites being tracked

P545/546 have fallback

strategies in case of GPS
failure

AC/DC auxiliary supply

4 x 850nm outputsto
synchronise up to 4 x
P545/546 relays
Synchronises differential
every 1 second (1 PPS)
Self monitoring
10

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10

Typical Configuration

P594

P594

1sec

1sec

P591
/P592
/P593

Relay at End A

11

> Title of presentation - Date - References

MUX

MUX

P591
/P592
/P593

Relay at End B

11

MiCOM P594
Synchronising Pulse
200ms
+/- 1ms

Output
Site 1
Light ON

Leading edge is
timing point

Light OFF
Time
Output
Site 2

<100 ns

Light ON

Light OFF
Time

12

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12

MiCOM P594
Calculating Propagation Delay Time

1 PPS from P594

Leading edge is
timing point
Time

Ta1
Ta2
Sample 1
Ta3
Ta4
Ta5
Arrive 1 * Ta6
Ta7

Relay A

tp2
tp1

Tb1
Tb2
Tb3 Sample
1*
Tb4
Tb5
Tb6
Tb7
Tb8
Tb9 = Arrive 1

Relay B
Tp2 = Ta6 - Ta3
13

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Tp1 = Tb9 - Tb3

13

Fallback Technique

ASYNCHRONOUS
MODE (NON GPS)

SYNCHRONOUS MODE (WORKING WITH

GPS),
Besides the calculation of tp1 and tp2, the
relay calculates continuously:

(t4 - t1 - td)
tp = tp1 =tp2=
2

Overall propagation delay time

= tp1 + tp2

If GPS is lost and Overall propagation delay

time doesnt change significantly, this means
comms path has not been switched and relays
keep working with the latest calculated
propagation delay times tp1 and tp2 to align
vectors
If GPS is lost and Overall propagation delay time
has later change, then Current differential
becomes inhibited as is not possible to align
vectors anymore
14

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14

GPS Technology

1 PPS over fibre

15

> Title of presentation - Date - References

15

GPS Technology
TOA (Time of Arrival)
Distance Calculation

1 PPS over fibre

16

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16

Atmospheric and Satellite Errors

Sources of Error
Multi-Path Errors

Criteria for Gating 1 PPS

17

> Title of presentation - Date - References

1 PPS over fibre

17

GPS Technology

Buildin
g

Buildin
g

18

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18

GPS Technology

Errors in 1 PPS Signal can occur due to:

Incorrect Gating of 1 PPS signal from GPS receiver

Minimum satellite count allowed to go too low

Satellite Masking angle too low
Atmospheric/Satellite Errors

High Solar Activity - Delay of signal corrupts TOA Calculation

Smog - Iron Ore dust particles in fog causing reflections
Clock Errors On Satellite
Signal Reflections

Multipath Errors due to Incorrect mounting of antenna and/or poor filtering

in Receiver

19

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19

Satellite Masking angle

20

> Title of presentation - Date - References

20

GPS Technology

P594 has:
Secure Gating Criteria of 1 PPS signal from GPS receiver

Minimum satellite count required is always 4

Satellite Masking set to 8
New GPS receiver - Motorola M12 + Timing

Multipath filtering
Position Fix to give high timing Accuracy
Purpose-designed Antenna - Motorola Timing 2000

Multipath filtering
Clear mounting instructions to ensure correct installation

21

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21

P594 Features
Motorola
M12 + Timing
Satellite mask angle
Position fix
Work down to:
Resolution
Antenna

Note :

22

8
1)

4 satellites
100 ns
Motorola Timing

1) 21/2 hour start up to obtain automated co-ordinates for position fix

> Title of presentation - Date - References

22

GPS Technology

GPS technology is dependable for precise timing provided:

The antenna is correctly sited
Multipath errors and inospheric interference effects are
removed

Design of P594 satisfies the above criteria

Precise 1 PPS on fibre 100 ns accuracy

23

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23

MiCOM P545 / P546

Summary
P545 Differential for Plain Feeders with Backup Distance
Protection and 1/3 Pole Autoreclose
P546 Differential for Mesh Corner/Breaker and a Half with
Backup Distance Protection
Compatible models:

P546
P545
P544
P543
One P594 covers GPS time synchronising for up to 4 relays in a
substation

24

> Title of presentation - Date - References

24