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Fats, Oil, and Waxes

1.Physical and
Chemical Properties
2.Common fatty
acids and their
sources
3.Chemical Refi ning
process of fats and

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties

FAT
OIL
WAX

LIPIDS

Hydrophobic or
amphiphilic
molecules
Soluble in
nonpolar
organic
solvents (e.g.
ether,

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties

FA
T

A triester of fatty acids


with glycerol ( triglyceride)
that are usually solid/semisolid at room temperature

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties
Fats predominantly
animals.

occur

in

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties

OI
L

A triester of fatty acids


with
glycerol
that
(triglyceride) are usually
liquid at room temperature

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties
Oils originate chiefly in plants.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties
Oils originate chiefly in plants.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties
Composition
of
triglycerides
from various sources are given
in the following table.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Physical and Chemical


Properties
Melting points of various fatty
acids

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Lauric (Dodecanoic) Acid
Occurrence
Coconut oil , laurel oil, palm
kernel oil 50%

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Lauric (Dodecanoic) Acid

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Myristic
Acid

(tetradecanoic

Occurrence
Nutmeg (Myristica
butter 75%

acid)

fragrans)

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Myristic
(tetradecanoic
acid)
Acid
Occurrence
Can also be found
in palm
kernel oil, coconut oil, and
spermaceti

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Palmitic (hexadecanoic) Acid
Occurrence
Palm oil 50%

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

Common fatty acids


Oleic ((9E)-Octadec-9-enoic acid)
Acid
Occurrence
Olive oil

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
rendering
pressing
solvent extraction

Extracti
on

Refining

steam
alkali
bleaching

Hydrogena
tion

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils

Extracti
Process
on of

removing edible fats


and oils from the animal or
vegetable tissues in which they
occur

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
1. Rendering

Process by which fat is removed


from a tissue by heat
Otherwise known as trying out

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
2. Pressing

Application of High pressures to


the oil-bearing tissue to squeeze
out the fat

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
3. Solvent Extraction

This process has been used since


E. Deiss extracted the press cake
of olives with carbon disulfide in
Marseilles in 1855

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
3. Solvent Extraction

The oil is extracted either in


batch reactors in which the flake
is
gently
agitated
with
successive portions of solvent, or
by counter-current extraction
where the flake and solvent
Fats, Oil, andstreams
Waxes CHM150: Industrial
move in continuous
in Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
3. Solvent Extraction

extract
raffinate

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
3.
Solvent Extraction
Extraction

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
3.
Solvent Extraction
Extraction

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
3. Solvent Extraction
Common
solvents
used
extraction:
Petroleum ether
Benzene
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Carbon disulfide
Stoddard solvent

in

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Three Principal Methods of
Extraction
3. Solvent Extraction
Common
solvents
used
extraction:
Petroleum ether
Benzene
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Carbon disulfide
Stoddard solvent

in

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
rendering
pressing
solvent extraction

Extracti
on

Refining

steam
alkali
bleaching

Hydrogena
tion

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Refining
This is the process of removing
some materials from extracted
crude oils.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Refining
The crude oils may contain one
or more of the ff. group of
substances:
(1)Cellular
material
or
derivatives, both protein and
carbohydrates
(2) free fatty acids
(3)Pigments
(4)Odorous
compounds

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Steam Refining
This consists of blowing steam
through hot oil under vacuum
This
process
is
deodorization of fats

used

for

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Alkali Refining
This process treats hot oil with a
solution of an alkali (NaOH but
sometimes with Na2CO3).
The main purpose of this method
is to saponify the FFA by an
alkaline solution and dilute the
resulting soaps in a water phase.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Alkali Refining

Structure of a triglyceride

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Alkali Refining

Structure of a triglyceride

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Bleaching
This process removes pigments
by adsorption on fullers earth
and other clays

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Methods of Refining oil
Bleaching

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
rendering
pressing
solvent extraction

Extracti
on

Refining

steam
alkali
bleaching

Hydrogena
tion

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Hydrogenation
This process occurs when hot oil
saturated with H2 is brought in
contact with an active catalyst
(usually Ni) at 60 0C.
It converts unsaturated fat (with
double bonds) to saturated fat
(no double bonds)

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Hydrogenation

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Hydrogenation

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils
Hydrogenation

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

The Technology of Edible Fats


and Oils

Fin.

Fats, Oil, and Waxes CHM150: Industrial Che

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