Atlas A:

Organization of the
Body

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Body Organization
General Anatomical Terminology
Body regions
Body cavities and membranes
Organ systems

General Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position
Upright with feet flat on the floor and arms at the side with palms and
face forward

Anatomical planes
Sagittal
Median (midsagittal)
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse (horizontal)

Directional terms
Location of one structure relative to another
Table A.1

Fig. A.1

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Frontal
plane

Transverse
plane

Sagittal
plane

McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis

Fig. A.2

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(a) Sagittal section

(b) Frontal section

(c) Transverse section

Table A.1

Body Regions
External anatomy and body landmarks
Axial region
Head
Neck (cervical)
Trunk
Thoracic region
Abdominal region
Divided into quadrants or nine regions

Appendicular region
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

Fig. A.4
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Quadrants

Stomach
Right
upper
quadrant

Right
lower
quadrant

Left
upper
quadrant

10th rib

Left
lower
quadrant

(a)

Anterior
superior
spine

(b)

Regions

Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line

Epigastric
region

Lumbar
region

Umbilical
region

Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line

Liver
Gallbladder
10th rib
Large
intestine
Small
intestine

Hypogastric
region

(c)

Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(d)

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Fig. A.3

Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)

Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Axillary r. (armpit)

Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.

Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)

Umbilical r.

Antebrachial r.
(forearm)

Inguinal r. (groin)

Abdominal r.

Carpal r. (wrist)

Pubic r.:
Mons pubis

Palmar r. (palm)

External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes

Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)

Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)

(a) Anterior (ventral)

Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)

(b) Anterior (ventral)

Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.

Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)

(all): McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis

(d) Posterior (dorsal)

Body Cavities and Membranes

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Membranes: meninges (3 layers)

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities are separated by

the diaphragm and lined with thin serous membranes
containing lubricating fluids.
Thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity--pericardium
Pleural cavities (2)--pleura

Abdominopelvic cavity--peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

Fig. A.5

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Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm

Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:

Abdominal cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity

(a) Left lateral view

(b) Anterior view

Table A.2

Fig. A.6

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Parietal pericardium

Parietal pleura

Pericardial
cavity

Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura

Visceral
pericardium

Lung
Heart
Diaphragm

(a) Pericardium

Diaphragm

(b) Pleurae

Fig. A.8
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Diaphragm
Liver
Serosae
Stomach

Lesser
omentum
Pancreas

Greater omentum

Duodenum

Large intestine

Dorsal
mesentery

Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder

Visceral
peritoneum
Rectum

(a)

(b)
b: MedicImage/Getty Image

Fig. A.7

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Posterior
Back muscles

2nd lumbar vertebra

Kidney

Spinal cord

Liver
Renal vein
and artery

Fat

Inferior
vena cava

Dorsal mesentery

Aorta

Parietal peritoneum

Intestine

Visceral
peritoneum (serosa)
Peritoneal cavity
Omentum or other
ventral mesentery
Anterior

Organ Systems
Eleven organ systems and one immune system.
Protection, support, movement
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular

Internal communication and integration

Nervous, Endocrine

Fluid transport
Circulatory, Lymphatic

Intake and output

Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive

Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive

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Fig. A.9a

Principal organs:
Skin, hair, nails,
cutaneous glands

Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages,
ligaments

Principal functions:
Protection, water retention,
thermoregulation,
vitamin D synthesis,
cutaneous sensation,
nonverbal communication

Principal functions:
Support, movement,
protective enclosure of
viscera, blood formation,
mineral storage,
electrolyte and acidbase
balance

Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Principal organs:
Lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels,
thymus, spleen, tonsils

Principal functions:
Recovery of excess
tissue fluid, detection of
pathogens, production
of immune cells, defense
against disease

Lymphatic system

Respiratory system

Principal organs:
Skeletal muscles

Principal functions:
Movement, stability,
communication, control
of body openings, heat
production

Muscular system

Principal organs:
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs

Principal organs:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra

Principal functions:
Absorption of oxygen,
discharge of carbon
dioxide, acidbase
balance, speech

Principal functions:
Elimination of wastes;
regulation of blood
volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood
cell formation; control
of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification

Urinary system

Fig. A.9b

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Principal organs:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
ganglia

Principal functions:
Rapid internal
communication,
coordination,
motor control
and sensation

Nervous system

Principal organs:
Pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
testes, ovaries

Principal functions:
Hormone production;
internal chemical
communication and
coordination

Endocrine system

Principal organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
Principal functions:
Nutrient breakdown and
absorption. Liver functions
include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins, and
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.

Digestive system

Principal organs:
Testes, epididymides,
spermatic ducts, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
penis

Principal functions:
Production and delivery
of sperm; secretion of
sex hormones

Male reproductive system

Principal organs:
Heart, blood vessels
Principal functions:
Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes,
hormones, electrolytes,
heat, immune cells,
and antibodies;
fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance

Circulatory system

Principal organs:
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus,vagina, mammary
glands

Principal functions:
Production of eggs; site
of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal
nourishment; birth;
lactation; secretion of
sex hormones

Female reproductive system