Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science
Todays Agenda:
Employee motivation?
Central constructs and criticism of expectancy theory?
Central constructs and criticism of Hertzberg theory?
Can motivation theories predict behavior? Performance? Commitment?
Are these theories relevant? Measurable?
By:
Hira Ahmed Khan
Amina Munir
Rida Shah
Adeel Khan
Frederick Herzberg
(18 April 1923 19 January 2000)
One question:
Interview
Accountants
Engineers
Pittsburgh
Two-factor motivation
Motivators
Promote
Job content
Recognition
Achievement
Possibility of Growth
Advancement
Responsibility
Work itself
Improve
--------------------------Salary, Interpersonal
Hygiene factors
Relation (supervisor,
Job context
subordinate, peers),
Supervision, Company
The presence of these conditions
Policy & Administration,
to the satisfaction of the employee
Working Conditions
doesn't necessarily motivate,
but their absence results in
Factor in personal life,
dissatisfaction.
Status
Job security
Hygiene factors are merely a launch pad - when damaged or
undermined we have no platform, but in themselves they do not
motivate.
The contrast is true for motivators.
Practical Implications
EXPECTANCY
THEORY
Expectancy Theory
Proposed by Victor Vroom in 1964.
Individuals are motivated on the basis that they believe if
they work at a certain level they would be rewarded
according to their expectations (Behling & Starke, 1973).
Three Elements
Expectancy: it is the view that if a person puts in
enough effort in the task then they can achieve the
desired goal and the performance level they have set
(EP)
Instrumentality: it is the belief that if the person
achieves the performance expectations then they will
get their desired or anticipated rewards (PR) .
Valence: it is the value or the significance that the
reward has for the person (Scholl, 2016). A valence can
be positive and negative.
Practical Implications
Employers can use the theory to:
devise reward programs.
improve employees performance through this theory.
more dynamic and challenging jobs .
employers must make sure that the performance
appraisal system is sound.
that motivation will contribute to the performance of
employees.
Research Gap
What is mainly needed in terms of theoretical
development in the area of motivation?
There is need for more integration that means
various approaches need to be studied in
integration
There is major need to develop and test
contingency type of models of motivation.
There is also more need to study how group
processes affect motivations, as the nature of jobs
is now changing (Mitchell, 1982).
MOTIVATION &
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONTRACT
REWARD AND
MOTIVATION
Vietnam War
Candidates Competing For Public Office
Teacher In A University
CAUSES
Conclusion
What are the phenomena the theory seeks to address and
explain?
What are the intellectual foundations / philosophy of the
theory in question?
What are its assumptions, ontology, epistemology, and
prominent methodologies?
Q&A