EMISSIONS

Definition
Pollutions including noise, heat, and radiation
discharged into the atmosphere by residential, commercial, and
industrial facilities.
Automobile exhaust, or automobile emission, is a very
large cause of air pollution in developed countries and urban
areas and global warming
Exhaust gases let out by automobiles causes problems to
people and matter. The substances that produce harmful effect on
human being and the environment are known as toxic substances .

EMISSIONS IN ENGINES

Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydro-Carbons
Soot
Al-dehydes
Cancer producing substances
compounds of Sulphur and Lead

Nitrogen Oxides
In a diesel engine cylinder, nitrogen oxides formed contain up to
about 90 percent of nitrous oxide NO, the remaining 10 percent are
nitrogen dioxide NO2.
Oxides of nitrogen are formed within the combustion chamber due
to dissociation of the molecular oxygen and nitrogen at peak
combustion temperatures and persists during expansion and exhaust
in non equilibrium amounts.
The amount of nitrogen oxide depends on the concentration of
atomic oxygen and nitrogen and also on temperature.
High local temperature with large amount of excess air available
produce considerable amount of oxides of nitrogen. Diseases caused
by NOx are destroying lung tissues.

Carbon Monoxide
These is many found when the fuel burns with insufficient
amount of oxygen. Some amount of Co may also form in the
near- Wall layers of the mixture or due to the dissociation of
CO2 at high temperature.

In the Diesel engines COx is formed as a result of cold flame

reactions and upon combustion in the zones with a local
deficiency of oxygen, but much of CO then oxidizes to CO2.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas.

Carbon monoxide can cause headache, Nausea, Respiratory
problems (breathing problems).

Soot
Soot represents solid particles of carbon products containing
up to 99% of pure carbon.
Immediately after formation, these particles have a diameter of
(50 to 500) 10-10 meters. Then, even during the process of
combustion in the diesel engine, these particles coagulated to
form the secondary and ternary stretches with linear
dimensions of 0.3-100 m.
The presence of soot in the spent gases is the cause of black
smoke in the exhaust. Smoking of the exhaust gas is the major
disadvantage of the diesel engine, particularly in the racing
period.

Hydro-Carbons
The hydro carbons present in the exhaust
gases contains the starting or
decomposing molecules of the fuel.
Temperature of the gases nearly the
combustion chambers wall is not very
high to cause the fuel combustion. This is
the reason why here the flame dies out
and combustion does not occur .

Hydro-Carbons
The hydro carbons of the un-burnt fuel may appear in
the exhaust gases also due the presence of excessively
rich or Lean mixture zones in the charge, and in the
carburetor engines during ignition misfires also occur.
The presence of the Hydro carbons in the exhaust
gases of the diesel engine is one of the causes of
appearance of white or blue flame. Hydro carbons can
cause Eye, Throat and lung irritations. Some hydro
carbons are considered carcinogenic and can cause
cancer.

Diesel Vs Petrol engine for different

operating conditions
Driving Conditions

hydro carbons (ppm)

ideal

390 (4830)

Acceleration

210 (960)

cruise

90 ( 320)

Deceleration

330 (16,750)

CRANKCASE VENTILATION
The problem of crankcase ventilation has
existed since the beginning of the
automobile because no piston ring, new or
old, can provide a perfect seal between
the piston and the cylinder wall.
Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV)
systems were developed to ventilate the
crankcase an recirculate the vapors to the
engines induction system so they can be
burned in the cylinders.

PCV System

PCV System
OPEN PCV SYSYTEM
CLOSE PCV SYSTEM

Since blow-by-gases contain hydrocarbons and other

pollutants, these gases must not be allowed to escape out
into the atmosphere.
The PCV system prevents the escape of blow-by gases to
the atmosphere.
By sealing the engine and routing the vapers into the intake
manifold and burning them in the combustion process.