4.

2
Error Control

4.2.1 Importance of Accurate

Reception
Each member of a code is assigned a unique
identity.
It is extremely important that it be sent and
received without errors.

4.2.1 Importance of Accurate

Reception
For instance
The EBCDIC code for c is 10000011
An error in bit#1 produces 10000010which is the
code for b.
An error in bit#2 produces 10000001which is the
code for a
An error in bit#8 produces 00000011which is the
code for ETX (ETX=end of text).

4.2.1 Importance of Accurate

Reception
Clearly, it is important to know whether the
message has been corrupted in transmission or
not.

4.2.2 Error Detection

Error detection is a cooperative activity
between the sender and the receiver.
In which the sender adds information to
the character or frame to assist the
receiver is determining whether an error
has occurred in transmission or
reception.
Before sending, the sender and receiver
must agree on the information that will
be added, and how it will be used.

(1) Parity Checking:

Simple or Two Dimensional
In parity check, a parity bit is added to every data unit
so that the total number of 1s is even or odd.

(1) Parity Checking:

(1) Parity Checking:

Supposethesenderwantstosendthewordworld.InASCIIthe
fivecharactersarecodedas
1110111 1101111 1110010 1101100 1100100
Thefollowingshowstheactualbitssent
1110111011011110111001001101100011001001

(1) Parity Checking:

Two-dimensional parity
In two-dimensional parity check, a block of bits is divided into
rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block.

(2) Checksum
The sender follows these steps:

The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits.

All sections are added using ones complement to get the sum.
The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum.
The checksum is sent with the data.

The receiver follows these steps:

The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits.

All sections are added using ones complement to get the sum.
The sum is complemented.
If the result is zero, the data are accepted: otherwise, rejected.

Example Part 1
Supposethefollowingblockof16bitsistobesentusingachecksumof8bits.
1010100100111001
Thenumbersareaddedusingonescomplement
10101001
00111001

Sum
11100010
Checksum00011101
Thepatternsentis101010010011100100011101

Example part 2
NowsupposethereceiverreceivesthepatternsentinExample7andthereisno
error.
101010010011100100011101
Whenthereceiveraddsthethreesections,itwillgetall1s,which,after
complementing,isall0sandshowsthatthereisnoerror.

10101001

00111001

00011101

Sum

11111111

Complement 00000000meansthatthepatternisOK.

(3) VRC Checking:

Vertical Redundancy Check
VRC adds a parity bit to each character.
Most Often, it is used with ASCII.
The parity bit occupies bit position number eight.
VRC can detect all single-bit errors. It can detect
multiple-bit or burst errors only the total number of
errors is odd.

(3) VRC Checking:

ASCII for a is 1000011
ASCII for a with even parity is 10000111p, the parity
bit (1p) is a 1 so as to make a total of four 1s (an even
number of 1s).
ASCII for a with odd parity is 10000110p; the parity
bit (0p) is a 0 so as to leave a total of three 1s (an odd
number of 1s)

(3) VRC Checking:

When operating asynchronously, the start (0s) and
stop (1s) bit frame the entire eight bits:
ASCII for a sent asynchronously is 0s10000111s
ASCII for a with even parity sent asynchronously is
0s10000111p1s
ASCII for a with odd parity sent asynchronously is
0s10000110p1s

(3) VRC Checking:

The Start and stop bits have no role in the VRC process;
they simply frame the data for the convenience for the
receiver.