GAYATRI ENGLISH MEDIUM

SCHOOL
PRESENTATION BY CHIRAG
SADANAND KUDALE
SUBJECT : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(MITOCHONDRIA)

MITOCHONDRIA

DEFINATION OF MITOCHONDRIA

Sphericalorrod-shapedorganellesfound within thecytoplasmof

eukaryoticcells, and are referred to as the powerhouse of the cellsince
they act as the site for the production of high-energycompounds(e.g.
ATP), which are vitalenergysource for severalcellular processes.

Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria formed as a result of
an endosymbiotic event around 2
billion years ago.

Mitochondrial
compartments

Mitochondrial
compartments

Inner membrane
Respiratory chain and ATP synthase
impermeable to most charged molecules
highly folded into invaginations called cristae.
Outer membrane
Permeable to larger molecules
Matrix
Enzymes of the citric acid cycle, mtDNA
Intermembrane space
space between inner and outer membranes

Mitochondrial morphology and

movement

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles

they may exist as individual organelles
may become elaborate network
move throughout the cell on cytoskeleton
Changes in the network are mediated by fission
and fusion proteins
Fuzzy Onion Protein (FZO) causes fusion
Dynamin-Related Protein causes fission

Mitochondrial reticulum

Mitochondria make other

products

Mitochondria produce biosynthetic

precursors
OXPHOS also leads to the production of:
Superoxide: formed when O2 steals
electrons from the ETC complexes
Heat: a by-product of the reactions of
OXPHOS

Overview of energy production

by OXPHOS

Show 14-10, gen overview

Reducing equivalents are produced in

the oxidation of carbohydrate and
lipid

Oxidation and Electron

Transport
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down respiratory
chain to O2

Electron transport expels protons, creating a proton gradient- the

proton motive force (PMF)

Proton motive force (PMF)

The PMF is an electrochemical gradient of membrane potential ()
and pH (pH)

The PMF supplies the energy for

active transport into the mitochondria

Phosphorylation

The F1Fo ATPase (or

ATP synthase) is a
molecular motor
-it uses the PMF to
make ATP
-it can also be
reversed (using ATP
hydrolysis to
recharge the PMF)

Oxidation and phosphorylation are

coupled by a shared dependence on the
PMF

Because of this coupling, the two

processes are interdependent

If the PMF is large, what would you predict

about oxygen consumption?
If you took away oxygen, what would happen to
the PMF?
What would an increase in [ADP] do to the
oxygen consumption?
What would happen to ATP synthesis and
oxygen consumption if the inner membrane
became leaky?

Uncoupling proteins

Many mammals warm vital tissues using brown

fat
Adipose tissue with abundant mitochondria
that possess a the protein thermogenin (or
uncoupling protein 1).
UCP-1 short-circuits the proton gradient,
increasing VO2 and heat production.
All eukaryotes have proteins related to UCPs,
that are thought to prevent the PMF from
over-charging, thereby reducing ROS

Mitochondrial biogenesis requires

proteins encoded in 2 genomes
(nucleus and mtDNA)

mtDNA

Nucleus

encodes few proteins

encode most proteins

1000s of copies per

cell

2 copies of each gene

per diploid cell

genes transcribed as a
polycistron

genes regulated
independently

transcribed and
translated directly in
mitochondria)

proteins imported by
post-translational
import from cytoplasm

Peculiarities of mtDNA

mtDNA is a very compact genome

-genes attached end to end, with mRNA
regions interspersed among rRNA and tRNA
genes
-tRNA excision liberates protein-coding genes
-many genes lack a full termination codon
(TAA)
Diversity
-maternal origin (most animals)
-many cells have multiple genotypes within a
single cell (heteroplasmy)
-defects accumulate with age

Nuclear gene expression is

coordinated by transcription factor
networks

Mt enzyme synthesis requires

coordinated gene expression and
accessory factors

Fusion and fission proteins

regulate network

Mitochondrial energy
production

Three major steps in oxidative

phosphorylation
1) Production of reducing equivalents (NADH,
FADH2) from glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation,
and the citric acid cycle
2) Electron transport and generation of proton
motive force
3) Phosphorylation - Synthesis of ATP, driven
by the proton motive force

THANK
YOU