To p i c

DIFFERENTIATION
3_1 Derivative of a function
3_2 Rules of Differentiation
3_3 Implicit Differentiations
3_4 Differentiation of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
3_5 Parametric
Differentiations
3_6 Differentiation of Trigonometric

Objectives

define the derivative of a function at a

point as

f(x x) f(x)
f ' (x) lim
x 0
x

d
y
x

The process of finding the derivative of

a function is called DIFFERENTIATION.

Sometimes , we can write

as f(x) or

d
y
x

The First
First Principle
Principle of
of Derivative
Derivative
The

y
lim

x 0
x

f(x x) f(x)
lim

x 0
x

 EXAMPLE

Find, from first principles, the derivative

of y with respect to x if y = x2 .

Solution
f ( x x ) f ( x )
dy
lim

x 0
x

dx
(x x)2 x2
lim

x 0

2 xx (x ) 2
lim

x 0

x (2 x x)

lim
x 0

lim 2 x x
x 0

= 2x

Find, from first principles, the derivative of

y with respect to x if

a)
b)

f(x)
f( x )

x 1

4
x2

a)

f(x)

= x 1

f ( x x ) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
x 0
x

x x 1 x 1
lim
x 0
x
x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1
lim

x 0
x
x x 1 x 1

lim

x 0

x x 1 ( x 1)

x ( x x 1

x 1)

x
lim
lim
x 0 x ( x x 1
x 0
x 1)
1
1

x 1 x 1
2 x 1

1
x x 1 x 1

b)

f( x )

4
=
x2

f ( x x ) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
x 0
x
4
4
2
2
( x x )
x
lim
x 0
x
4 x 4( x x )
2
2
x ( x x )
lim
x 0
x
2

4 x 2 4 ( x x ) 2
lim
x 0 x ( x 2 ( x x ) 2 )
4 x 4 ( x 2 xx (x) )
lim
2
2
x 0
x ( x ( x x) )
2

4 x 2 4 x 2 8 xx 4(x) 2
lim
x 0
x( x 2 ( x x) 2 )

x(8 x 4x)
8 xx 4(x) 2
lim
lim
2
2
x 0 x ( x 2 ( x x ) 2 )
x 0 x ( x ( x x ) )
8 x 4x
lim 2
x 0 x ( x x ) 2

 8 x 4x
lim 2
x 0 x ( x x ) 2

8 x 4(0)
lim 2
x 0 x ( x (0)) 2
8x
4
x

8
3
x

Derivative of
of aa function
function at
at any
any point
point xx =
=a
Derivative
EXAMPLE
Find f ( a ) for the given value of a
(a) f ( x )

x 1

a1

a)

f(x)

a 1

= x 1

f ( x x ) f ( x )
f ' ( x) lim
x 0
x

x x 1 x 1
lim
x 0
x
x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1
lim

x 0
x
x x 1 x 1

lim

x 0

lim

x 0

x x 1 ( x 1)

x ( x x 1

x 1)

2 x 1
x x 1 x 1
1
1

f ' (1)
2 2
2 11

Rulesof
ofDifferentiation
Differentiation
33..22 Rules
Objectives :

Find the derivative of a function

by using the Rules Of Differentiation

1)
1)The
TheDerivative
Derivativeof
ofaaConstant
ConstantFunction
Function

If f(x) = k , where k is any constant ,

then f (x) = 0

Example

Find the derivatives of

a)

f(x)

b) f(x)
c)

f(x)

=
=

8
0.73

Using the constant rule,

a)

f (x) = 0

b)

f (x) = 0

c)

f (x) = 0

2) The Derivative of a function of the

n.
form x

n
If n is a real number, the derivative of f(x) = x is f (x) =
n-1
nx

Example
3
f ( x ) = 4 x

4
a) If f ( x ) = x ,

d 32
b)
(x )
dx

c)

If

3 12
x
2

1 x -2
f( x ) 2
x
f ' (x) 2x

2 1

2x

2
x

3) The derivative of a function of the

n.
form k x

If k and n are real number,

n
the derivative of f(x) = k x

is

n-1
f (x) = knx

Example

a) If f( x ) = 3 x

f (x) = 3 ( 4 ) x
3
= 12 x

b)

d3x5

Example

= 3 (- 5 ) x

= -15 x

-6

-6

Example

c)

m(x)

12
x

12 ( x)

Thus, m' (x) (12)

2

6
3
x2

1
1
x 2

6x 2

p(x)2x

Example

1
2

d)

2 x 2 (x )

1
2
x
2

p' (x)

x 2

2 x

2x

1
1
2

4) The derivative of a sum or difference

If f( x ) and g( x ) are differentiable

functions, the derivative of
is

h(x) f(x) g(x)

h' (x) f ' (x) g' (x)

d
2
a)(6x
3x)
Example

1
= 6(2)x

= 12x + 3

0
+ 3( 1 ) x

b) Let

1
x
2

3x2331x23232

3
1/3
f(x) = ( 7x + x
-

f (x) =

( 7(3) x

= 21 x

c)

f(x) (x
x

5)

10x
3

25

f ' (x) 4x 20x

Note
Note::

The differentiation of a function should be with respect to the independent variable . For
example , if

dy
i ) y f ( x ) , then
f ' ( x)
dx
dy
ii) y h(t ) , then
h' (t )
dt

f(x)uv(x)

5) The Derivative of a product

If u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions, the derivative of

is

f' (x) u(x)v'(x) v(x)u'( x)

Example

a
)

Let f (x) = ( x + 2x ) ( 2x 5 )
f (x) =

u(x)

v (x)

f (x) = u(x) v (x) + v(x) u(x)

2
2
= (x + 2x)( 6x )
4

3
+ ( 2x 5 )(2x + 2)
3

= 4x + 4x 10x - 10 + 6x + 12x
4

= 10x + 16x

-10x - 10

Example

b)

2 1

f (x) 1 2 3
x x

Using
Product Rule

2
1
2
2
f' (x) ( 1) ( 3 ) ( 2 3) ( 2 )
x
x
x
x

4
x

2
x

2
x

6
2
6
4 3 2
x
x
x

6
x

6) The Derivative of a Quotient

If u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions and v(x) 0 , the derivative of

u(x)
f(x)
v(x)
is

f' (x)

v(x)u'(x) u(x)v'(x)

v(x)

Example

2x 2 4x 3
f(x)
2 3x

f' (x)

f' (x)

u(x)
f(x)
v(x)

v(x)u'(x) u(x)v'(x)

v(x)

dd
d d
22
2 2
3)
3x) 3x)
(2 3x)
(2
3x) (2x
(2x 4x4x
3) (2x
(2x 4x 4x3) 3) (2 (2
dx
dx dx
dx
2

(2 (2
3x)23x)

(2 3x)(4x 4) (2x2 4x 3)( 3)

(2 3x)2

12x 20x 8 ( 6x 12x 9)

2
(2 3x)
2

12x 20x 8 6x 12x 9

2
(2 3x)

6x 8x 1
(2 3x)2

b)

2
(x

3)(x
2x 1)
x

2
f(x)
(x 2x 1)
x4
x4

x 3 x 2 5x 3

x4
(x 4)(3x2 2x 5) (x3 x 2 5x 3)(1)
f' (x)
(x 4)2

3x 12x 2x 8x 5x 20 x x 5x 3
(x 4)2
3

2x 11x 8x 17
2

(x 4)

Rules Of
Of Differentiation
Differentiation
33 .. 22 Rules
Objectives :
use the Chain Rule
use the Power Rule
find higher order derivatives

d
y
d
u

x
x
d
xf(gx)f'[g(x)]g'(x)
The Chain
Chain Rule
Rule
The

If y = f ( u ) is a differentiable function of u and

u = g ( x ) is a differentiable function of x,
then y = f [ g( x ) ] is a
differentiable function of x . Thus

or , equivalently ,

d[fg(x)] d[g(x)]

.
d[g(x)]
dx

d
u
d
y
ux

Example

Find

dy
dx

Since

if y = u3 3u2 + 1 and u = x2 + 2.
= 3u2 - 6u

and

= 2x

By the Chain Rule ,

dy
dy du

(3u 2 6u)(2x)
dx
du dx

3(x 2 2) 2 6(x 2 2) 2x

6x 3 (x 2 2)

 Example
Differentiate the following with respect
to x, using the Chain Rule.
a)

y (x 4) 3

b)

1
y
4x 9

c)

y 7x 2

a)

y (x 4) 3

Let u = x + 4 , then y = u3
dy
2

3u
du

and

du
1
dx

Using the Chain Rule ,

dy
dy du

dx
du dx

(3u )(1)
2

3(x 4) 2

u = x+4

b)

1
y
4x 9

Let u = 4x + 9 , then y =
dy
1

2
du
u

and

1
u

du
4
dx

Using the Chain Rule ,

dy
dy du
1

(4)
2
dx
du dx
u

4
2
u

(4x 9) 2

u = 4x + 9

c) y 7x 2
Let u = 7x - 2 , then y = u
dy 1

u
du 2

1
2

and

2 u

du
7
dx

Using the Chain Rule ,

dy
dy du 1

(7)
dx
du dx 2 u

7
2 u
7
2 7x 2

u = 7x - 2

The General
General Power
Power Rule
Rule
The
In general, any function of the form
y = [ f(x) ] n , can be differentiated
using the Chain Rule and this process
is called the General Power Rule.

 Example
Find the derivatives of
a)

f(x) (x 1)
5

a) f(x) (x 1)
5

Let u = x5 + 1 and

df
f ' (u )
du
f ( u ) = 3u2

and

By the Chain Rule

df du
f' (x)
du dx
5

d
u
4

5
x

f(u) =u3

[3u ] [5x ]
2

[3(x 1) ] [5x ] 15x (x 1)

4

x
u

Example

Differentiate
Let

x
g(x)
1 x

, then g ( u ) =

dg du
.
du dx

Then , g( x ) =

1
2

1
1 2
(u )

1 1 x

2
x

u' (x)

Using

Quotient Rule

1
2

(1 x)(1) ( 1)(x)

2
(1 x)

1 1 x

2
x

1
2 x 1 x

3
2

1
2 x 1 x

1
2

2
(1

x)

y'

Higher Order
Order Derivatives
Derivatives
Higher
1
derivative
st

2
derivative
nd

3
derivative
4th
derivative
rd

:
nth
derivative

y'

y' '
y' ' '

(4)

(n)

f' (x)

dy
dx

or

f' ' (x)

d dy
d2 y

dx dx
dx 2

f' ' ' (x)

d d2 y

dx dx 2

f (4) (x)

d4 y
dx 4

d2
[f(x)]
2
dx

or

d3 y

dx 3

or

d3
[f(x)]
3
dx

d4
[f(x)]
4
dx

or

f (n) (x)

d
[f(x)]
dx

:
dn y
dx n

or

dn
[f(x)]
n
dx

y'

Example
Given y = 3 x 4

dy
dx

12x

d y
2

36x
2
dx

y'

Example
Given y =

dy
dx

x
x2 - 1

.
2

d y
2

dx

dy
dx

x 11 x 2x
x 1
2

x 1 2x

x 1
2

(1 x 2 )
(x 2 1)2

d y
2

dx

(x 2 1)2

d
d 2
(1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 )
(x 1)
dx
dx
[(x 2 1)2 ]2

(x 2 1) 2 (2x) (1 x 2 )[2(x 2 - 1)(2x)]

(x 2 1) 4

(x 2 1) [(x 2 - 1)(-2x) (1 x 2 )(4x)]

(x 2 1) 4

=
=

- 2x 2x 4x 4x
2

(x 1)
2x(x 2 3)
(x 2 1) 3

3.4 Implicit
Implicit Differentiations
Differentiations
3.4
Objectives :

define implicit function

differentiate implicit function up
to second order

Implicit Function
Function
Implicit
An implicit
implicit function
function is
is one
one in
in which
which
An
relationship between,
between, say,
say, two
two
aa relationship
variables xx and
and yy is
is given
given without
without
variables
having yy as
as an
an explicit
explicit or
or clearly
clearly
having
defined function
function of
of xx ..
defined

For example ,
y = 2x + 1

y = 3x 7x + 1
2

Explicit Function
y2 3yx3 = x + 1

1
y

xy + 2y = x - 1

Implicit Function

We need to use Chain Rule to

find the derivative of an Implicit
Function .

d
[f(y)]
dx

d
[f(y)]
dy

dy
dx

d
[y] =
dx

1)

Tips :

d [ y2 ] =
dx

2)

3)

d
[ x3y ] =
dx
=

dy
dx

dy
dx

dy
dx
dy
2y
dx

+ 3x2 ( y )
+ 3x2y

4)

x3
y2

d
x3
[ 2
dx y

dy
y ( 3x ) - x ( 2y
dx
2

y4

3x y
2

dy
3
2x
y
dx
y4

5) x dy
dx

d
dy
[ x
dx
dx

d
dy
[
x
dx
dx

] +

2
d
y
x
dx2

dy
dx

dy
dx

d
(x)
dx

=1

d
y
x
3
2
y

x
d
y
2
3x

2
x

6
2
d3
y

Example
Find
a)

in terms of x and y if

Differentiating each term with respect to x .

b)

3
y

2
y
x

d
d
d
y
6xd
x

3
x
y
6
x
2
x

y
d
y
3
x

x
6
y2

232
2
2

Differentiating each term with respect to x .

c)

x2 y - 2y3 x + 5x3 = 6x + 5

dy
x
+ 2x y dx
2

dy
( x 6xy )
dx
2

dy
2y + x ( 6y
)
dx
3

- 2y3 + 2xy + 15x2

dy
dx

+ 15x2 = 6

= 6

6 2xy + 2y3 15x2

( x2 6xy2 )

2
d
y
x
d
y
x
d
y
d
y
2
x

y
x

0
x
2
2
2
d
y
d
d
y
d
y
d
y

x
2
2
x

x
The Second
Second Order
Order Derivatives
Derivatives
The

Find

for each of the following expression in

terms of x , y and
a)

x2 - xy + y2

= 0

(2y

222d
2
y
d
y
22
d
xxd
yx
x
y

2
d
2
x
d
y
2
1

d
y
d
y
xd
x
d
y
x
x

(2yx)

)= 2

- 2 - 2

- 2 - 2

d
y
x
d
y
2

0
x
x

d
y
2

Example
Find
A)

in terms of x and y .

x 2 + y2 = 4

2
d
y
x
d
y
y
(

1
)
(

x
)
2
d
y
2
x
y
d
y
x

x
y
2
(

1
)
(
)
d
y
xy23x22
4

3
y

Apply the quotient rule to find

Substitute
=

Example
Example
Given

y 1 x x ,

Prove , that
2

dy
(1 x )
3y
0
2
dx
dx
2

d y

d
d
2
y 1 x
(x)
dx
dx

Applying product Rule

on the left side

1
2 2

uy

v (1 x )

dy
u'
dx

1
2
v' (1 x ) (2 x)
2

1
2

d
d
2
y 1 x
(x)
dx
dx
1
y. (1 x2 )
2

xy(1 x )

1
1
2 (2x) (1 x 2 ) 2

1
2

1
2 2
(1 x )

dy
1
dx

dy
1
dx

Substitute y

xy

x
1 x

into the equation

dy
1 x
1
2
dx
1 x
2

dy
y 1 x
1
dx
2

Differentiate one more time with respect to x.

1

dy
d
y
dy
1
(1 x 2 ) 2 (2x) 0
2 y 1 x2

dx
dx2 dx 2

2
dy
d
y
dy
x
2
2y 1 x

0
2 dx
dx
dx2
1 x

2
dy
d
y
dy
x
2
2 y 1 x

0
2
dx
dx
1 x2 dx

x
1 x

dy
dy
2 d y
2y 1 x
y 0
2
dx
dx
dx
2
dy
d
y
2
3y 1 x
0
2
dx
dx

33 .. 44 Differentiation
Differentiation Of
Of Function
Function

discuss the derivative of y = ex

and y = ln x
discuss the derivative of y = eu
and y = ln u , where u = f(x)

Derivative of
of Exponential
Exponential Functions
Functions
Derivative
The natural exponential function ex is
differentiable for all x ,with derivative

d x
x
e e
dx

The Chain Rule can be used to

differentiate exponential functions of
the form y = ef(x) , where f(x) is a
differentiable function of x .

d
u
d
y
u

f
x

e
ux

Let u = f(x) , then y = eu

and

Using the Chain Rule,

dy dy du

dx du dx

f x

f x

f x e

d f(x)

e
f x e f x
dx

Example
Differentiate each of the following
with respect to x
a)

b)

y e 3x 4
ye

3
x

a)

ye

3x 4

Let u = 3x + 4
dy

eu
du

, then y = eu
du
3
dx

and

Using the Chain Rule,

dy dy du

dx du dx

eu

3e

3x 4

b)

ye

3
x

Let u =
dy

eu
du

, then y = eu
du 3
2
dx x

and

Using the Chain Rule,

dy dy du

dx du dx

3
2
x
3

3 x
2 e
x

Example
Find the derivatives of the following
functions
a)

y xe

b)

3x 2
y
ex

c)

3 x
y e
x

a)

y xe

Using the Product Rule,

dy
d x
x d
e
(x) x
(e )
dx
dx
dx

e 1 x e
x

1 x e

b)

3x 2
y
ex
Using the Quotient Rule
d x
x d
e
(3x 2) (3x 2)
(e )
dy
dx
dx

dx
(e x ) 2
3e x 3x 2 e x

e x 2

1 3x e x

e
x

1 3x

ex

c)

3 x
y e
x

Using the Product Rule,

dy
d 3 3 d x
x
e
( )
(e )
dx
dx x x dx
2

3 x
3
2 e 2x e x
x
x
2

3 e 2 6
x

x2

x2

3e
2
x

6x

Derivative of
of Logarithmic
Logarithmic Functions
Functions
Derivative
The natural logarithmic function ln x
is differentiable for all x > 0 with
derivative

d
1
lnx
dx
x
Natural logarithmic function of the form
y = ln ( f(x)) , where f(x) is a differential
function of x , can be differentiated
using the Chain Rule.

Let u = f(x) , then y = ln u

dy 1

du u

du
f x
dx

and

Using the Chain Rule

dy
dy du

dx
du dx
1

u

f x

f x

f x

d
f x
lnf(x)

dx
f x

Example
Differentiate the following functions
with respect to x .
a)

ln 3x

b)

ln x 3x 1

c)

y ln

x 1

a)

ln 3x
1
d
1
ln3x 3x 3 x

dx

b)

ln x 3 x 1
2

d
ln x 2 3x 1
dx

2
2x 3
x 3x 1

2x 3
2
x 3x 1

c)

y ln
Since

x 1
f x ln x 1 ln x 1

1
2

1
ln(x 1)
2

1 1
Thus, f ' (x)

2 x 1
1

2 x 1

Example
Find the derivative of y
a)

y x ln x

b)

lnx
y x
e

a)

y x ln x
Using the Product Rule,

dy
d
d
x x lnx
lnx
dx
dx
dx

1
lnx 1 x

lnx 1

b)

lnx
y x
e
Using the Quotient Rule
d
d x

e
lnx lnx

e
dy
dx
dx

x 2
dx
e
x

1
x
e

x 2

1 x
x
x e lnx e

x lnx

1 xlnx

xe x

Example
Differentiate the following functions
x x 2 1 2

a) f x ln
2x 3 1

b)

x 2
g(x) ln

x2 1

x x2 1 2

a) f x ln
2x 3 1

1
lnx 2 ln x 1
ln 2x 3 1
2
2

Differentiate

1
2x
f ' (x) 2 2

x
x 1

1
6x

3
2 2x 1

1
4x
3x 2
2
3
x x 1 2x 1

b)

x 2
g(x) ln

x2 1

ln (x 2) ln (x 1)
2

1
2

1
2 ln x 2 ln (x 2 1)
2

1 1 2x
g ' (x) 2
2

x 2 2 x 1

2
x

2
x 2 x 1

Differentiation of
of Exponential
Exponential &
&
Differentiation
Logarithmic Functions
Functions
Logarithmic
Objectives :

discuss the derivative of y = ax

and y = au where u = f (x)

discuss the derivative of y = ug(x)

where u = f (x)

d
x
x
a

a
l
n
x
d
u
u
u
dx

xx & y = auu where u= f(x)

Derivative
of
y
=
a
Derivative of y = a & y = a where u= f(x)

1.
1.

2.
2.

where u = f(x)

Example
Differentiate the following with respect to x
a)
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
d)
d)

y5

y4

3x 5

y3

x 2 2x

y4

2x 3 lnx

a)
a)

y5

dy
d
x
x

5 ln 5
dx
dx

ln 5

d
x
x
lxn
a

OR
taking ln of both sides

ln y
ln y

= ln 5x
=

x ln 5

Differentiating both sides with respect to x

1 dy
= x ( 0 ) + ln 5 ( 1 )
y dx
= ln 5
dy

dx

y ln 5

5 ln 5
x

b)
b)

y4

3x 5

dy
d
3x 5
3x 5

4
ln 4
dx
dx
4

3x 5

ln 4 3

OR taking ln of both sides

ln y ln 4

3x 5

3x 5

ln 4

Differentiating both sides with respect to x

1 dy
y dx

dy

dx

( 3x + 5 )( 0 ) + ( 3 )ln 4

( 3 )ln 4

3 y ln 4

3x 5

ln 4 3

c)
c)

y3

x 2 2x

dy
x

3
dx

2x

d 2
ln 3
x 2x
dx

x 2 2x

. ln 3 . 2x 2

x 2 2x

. 2 x 1 . ln 3

3
3

OR taking ln of both sides

ln y ln 3

x 2 2x

x 2 ln 3
1 dy
y dx

dy

dx

( 2x 2 ) ln 3

2( x 1) ln 3

2 y ( x 1 ) ln 3

x 2 2x

. 2 x 1 . ln 3

d)
d)

y4

2x 3 lnx

dy

4 2x
dx

lnx

d
ln 4
2x 3 lnx
dx

2x 3 lnx

1
ln 4 6x
x

OR taking ln of both sides

ln y ln 4

2x 3 lnx

2x - lnx ln 4
3

1 dy
d

3

2x lnx ln 4
y dx
dx

1
6x ln 4
x

dy
1

2
y 6x ln 4
dx
x

2x 3 lnx

1
ln 4 6x
x

g(x)
g(x)
Derivative
of
y
=
u
where uu == ff (x)
(x)
Derivative of y = u
where

Example
Differentiate the following with respect to x .
x
a)
a)

yx

b)
b)
c)
c)

y x 1
2

yx

ln x

2x

a)
a)

yx

x
Taking ln of both sides

ln y ln x

x lnx
1 dy
1

x
lnx 1
y dx
x

1 lnx

y 1 lnx

x 1 lnx
x

b)
b)

y x 1
2

2x

Taking ln of both sides

ln y ln x 1
2

2x

2x ln x 1
2

1 dy
2x
2

2x 2
ln x 1 2
y dx
x 1
2

dy
4x
2
y 2
2 ln x 1
dx
x 1

2x
4x
2
2
x 1 2
2 ln x 1
x 1

c)
c)

yx

ln x

Taking ln of both sides

lny lnx
lnx lnx
2
lnx
lnx

1 dy
1

2 lnx
y dx
x
dy

lnx 2
y lnx x lnx
dx
x

y
x

e
x

2
y

0
dxy2xy222xe2y2

2
2
y
d
y
d
y
d
y
y

2
2
y
2
y
1

x
2x

2
e
x

e
2
x

0
2e
yd
x

2
2
y
(ye)
d)

dxyxy1

l2yx2y2n
y

y
d
y

2
x
x
d
y
e)

222

2y dy
dx
2y dy
dx

=
=

( x2 + y2 )
1

( x2 + y2 )

( x2 + y2 ) 2y dy
dx

d
[
dx

x2 + y2 ]

22

dy
[ 2x + 2y
]
dx

dy
2x + 2y
dx

d
y
1
d
y

d
2
x

y
x

x
y
x

d
2
2

d
y
1
d
y
1
d
y
d
y

d
2 2y

xy
x
2
x
d
2x

b)

x2 + xy

ln y

1
d
y
d
y
1
d
y
x

2
x
x

2
2
2
2
d
y
d
y

2
2
2
y

2
d
y
x
x

(1

)
xy

3_5 Parametric
Parametric Differentiations
Differentiations
3_5
Objectives :
define the Cartesian equation
and Parametric differentiation
find the parametric differentiation
up to the second derivatives

The Cartesian equation of a line is

a rule , which links the xcoordinate
and ycoordinate of the general
point ( x , y ) on the line .
Sometimes, it is useful to express x
and y as a function of the third
variable say t .
x =f(t)

y =g(t)

Parametric equation of parameter t

** We can determine the Cartesian Equation
by eliminating t from the parametric
equations.

d
y
x
d
y
x

The parametric Formula for

Suppose that x = f ( t ) and y = g ( t )

By the Chain Rule ,
=

dy
dt

dt
dx

dy
dt
dx
dt

d
y
xd
y
x

Example
Example
Find

in terms of the parameter t if

a) x = 2t3

dx
6t 2
dt

Using

, y = 4t2 + 1
and
=

dy
8t
dt

dy
dt

dt
dx

1
8t
2
6t

3t

b)

3
x
t
dx
3
2
dt
t

Using

d
y
x

1 t 2

and

dy 1
1 t 2
dt 2

2t

dy
dt

dt
dx

1
t
2

(1 t ) (2t)
2
3

t3

3 1 t 2

1
2

1
2

Example
Example
Find the value of
when t = 2 .

d
y
1
4
x

2
t

dx
1
t 1
1 2
dt
t
t2
2

dy
4 2t 4
2 2
2
dt
t
t
2

if

d
y
x
d
y
x
=

dy
dt

dt
dx

2t 2 4 t 2

2
2

t
t 1

2t 4
2
t 1
2

2(2) 4

2
(2) 1
2

When t = 2 ,

2
d
y
x
d
y
x
2
d
y

d
x

The parametric Formula for

If x = f ( t ) and y = g ( t ) ,
=

Thus,

dy
dt

dt
dx

d dy
dt

dt dx
dx

2
t
x

2
1

(1

t)d
d
y
1

t
x
4
2
x

Example
Example

The terms of parameter t is given by

and

a) Show that

b) Find

a)

d
y
d
y
t

xx

dx
2(2)(1 t) 3 (1)
dt
dy 1 t t 1

dt
1 t 2

1 t 3

2
1 t

1
1 t

2
4
1 t

1
1 t
4

b)

2
d
y
x
=

d dy
dt

dt dx
dx

d 1

1 t
=

dt 4

1 1 t

4
4

1
1 t 3

16

(1 - t)

2
d
y
d
y
x
x
1
2
x

3
t

2
t

Example
Example
Find

and

and

dx
t 2
dt

dy
6t
dt

1
2
t

in terms of t if

2
d
y
x
dy dy dt

dx
dt dx
t2
6t
1

6t 3

d dy
dt

dt dx
dx

d
3
2
- 6t t
dt

18t t
2

18t 4

d
y
d
y
xx

Example
Example

If x = te2t and y = e2t , when t = 0 , find

a)
a)

b)

dx
t 2e 2t e 2t
dt

dy
2t
2e
dt

2t 1 e 2t

dy dy dt
1
2t

2e
dx dt dx
2t 1 e 2t
2

2t 1

dy
dx

t 0

2
2 0 1

b)

d
y
x
2

d dy
dt
=

dt dx
dx

d 2
1

=
2t
dt 2t 1
(2t 1)e

0 2(2)
1
= (2t 1) 2 (2t 1)e 2t

d y
2
dx

t 0

2t 1

2t

3 0
2 0 1 e

= -4

TOPIC: 3 DIFFERENTIATION
SUBTOPIC: 3.6 Differentiation Of Trigonometric Functions

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
a. find derivatives of the functions sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x,
cot x and cosec x.
b. find derivatives of the function sin u, cos u, tan u, sec u,
cot u and cosec u with u = f(x).

9.6a Derivatives of the functions sin x, cos x, tan x,

sec x, cot x, and cosec x.

a) d (sin x) cos x
dx
b) d (cos x) sin x e)
dx

c) d (tan x ) sec 2 x
dx

d
d) (cot x) cos ec 2 x
dx
d
(sec x) sec x tan x
dx

f) d (cos ecx) cos ec x cot x

dx

Note : Differentiation of the above formulae are only

true for angles which are measured in radians.

Example 2:
Differentiate with respect to x.
a) 2 sin x 3 cos x

5
b) 4 tan x x
c) 4 cos x + 3 tan x

Solution :
a)

b)
c)

d
( 4 tan x - 5 x -1 )
dx

d
( 4 cos x 3 tan x )
dx

Example 3:
Find the gradient of each of the following curves at the
given point on the given curve:
a) y = x sin x,

x=

Solution :
a) d ( x - sin x )
dx

When x =
2

dy

1 cos
dx
2

9.6b Derivatives of the functions sin u, cos u, tan

u, sec u, cot u, and cosec u.

If u = f(x)
a) d (sin u )
dx

c) d (tan u )
dx

d
(secu )
e)
dx

b)

d
(cos u )
dx

d)

d
(cot u )
dx

d
f) (cos ecu )
dx

Example 1:
Find the derivatives of :
a) cos ( 5x + 4 )

b) sin ( ln x )

c) tan( 1 3 x )
6
Solution:

d) sec ( 2x + 3 )

d
a)
( cos ( 5x 4 ) )
dx
= - 5 sin ( 5x + 4 )

d
(sin ( ln x ) )
b)
dx

= cos ( ln x )
x

c) d ( tan( 1 3x) )
dx

1
sec 2 ( tan 3 x )
6

d) d ( sec ( 2x 3 ) )
dx

SUBTOPIC : 3.6 Differential of Trigonometric functions

9.6c

Derivatives of sinn u, cosn u, tann u

a)

d
( sin n x )
dx

b)

d
( cos n x )
dx

c)

d
(tan n x)
dx

d)

d
(cos ec n x)
dx

e)

d
(sec n x )
dx

f)

d
(cot n x)
dx

Example

1:
Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x.
a)
b)
c)
Solution:

a)

dy

dx

b)

dy

dx

c)

dy

dx

Miscellaneous Examples:
Find the derivatives of the following functions and
expressions
a) y = x 2 sec (2 x 3)
b) ln ( cot x )

c) y = e ln( cosec 2x )
d) sin x cos3 x

2
a) y x sec (2 x 3)

dy

dx

1
x 2 sec (2 x 3) 2

1
1 2
( x sec (2 x 3 ) ) 2

1
1 2
( x sec (2 x 3 ) ) 2

1
1 2
( x sec (2 x 3 ) ) 2

2 x 2 sec( 2 x 3 ) tan ( 2 x 3)

2
1
= 1 ( x 2 sec (2 x 3 ) ) 2 2 x sec( 2 x 3 ) tan ( 2 x 3)
2

= (x 2

1
sec (2 x 3 ) ) 2

x sec( 2 x 3 ) tan ( 2 x 3)

b) ln ( cot x )

c) y = e ln( cosec 2x )

d)

Implicit Differentiation:
Example 1:
dy
Given y + cos y = x + cos x . Find

dx

Solution:

dy sin y dy = 1 sin x
dx
dx
dy (1 sin y) = 1 sin x
dx

dy = 1 sin x
dx
1 sin y

Example 2:
Given sin (x y) = y cos x . Find dy
Solution:

dx
dy
= - y sin x +
cos x
dx
dy

dy
cos (x y) 1
dx

cos (x y) cos (x y)

- cos (x y) dy

dx

dx

= - y sin x +

dy
dx

cos x

dy
cos x = -y sin x cos(x y)
dx

- dy [ cos(x y) + cos x ] = -y sin x cos(x y)

dx

dy = y sin x cos( x y )
cos( x y ) cos x
dx

Example 3:
Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the
curve cos 2x + cos y 1 = 0, at the point ,
6

Solution:
cos 2x + cos y 1 = 0
-2 sin 2x sin y dy = 0

dx

dy = 2 sin 2 x
sin y
dx

,
at the point
6

dy
dx

2 sin 2 x
sin y

,
at the point
6

2 sin 2
6

sin
3

2 sin
3

sin
3


,
6 3

at the point
Equation of normal :

Parametric Differentiation:
Example 1:
dy
Find
in terms of the parameter t if
dx
a) x = 4 sin t
y = 5 cos t
Solution:

dx
dt
dy dy
dx dt

dy
dt

dt
dx

5
tan t
=
4

1
4 cos t

b) x = 2 cos t
y = cos 2t + 4
Solution:

dx
dt

dy
dt

dy dy
dx dt

dt
dx

2( 2 sin t cos t )

2 sin t

1
2 sin t

c)

x 3 sin t 2 cos t
y 3 sin t 2 cos t

SOLUTION

dx
3 cos t - 2 sin t
dt
dy dy dt

dx dt dx

dy
3 cos t 2 sin t
dt

1
3 cos t 2 sin t
3 cos t 2 sin t

Example 2:
If and show that

Solution:
dx
a 1 - cos
d

dy
a sin
d

dy dy dt

dx dt dx

2 sin cos
a sin
2
2

2
a 1 - cos
1 1 2 sin
2

dy

tan( )
dx
2

2 sin

2 sin

cos
2

Proof of an equation involving trigonometric function:

Example 1:
Given that , show that

d 2 y 2 dy

y0
2
dx
x dx

Solution:

xy sin x
dy
x
1 y cos x
dx
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x again,

d2y
dy dy
x 2 (1)

- sinx
dx
dx dx

d2y
dy
x
2
- xy
2
dx
dx

d2y
dy
x
2
- xy
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
x
2
xy 0
2
dx
dx
dividing by x,

d 2 y 2 dy

y0
2
dx
x dx

Example 2:
If

y e cos x
-x

d2y
dy

2
2y 0
show that 2
dx
dx

Solution:

y e -x cos x
ye x cos x ... 1
dy x
e ye x - sin x
dx

x dy
e
y - sin x
dx

Differentiating implicitly with respect to x again,

Differentiating implicitly with respect to x again,

dy

e
y ex
dx

d 2 y dy

- cos x

2
dx
dx