Functions

Stretches and compressions

Composition of functions

i.e., D f og {x Dg | g ( x) D f }.

Composition of functions

D f og oh {x Dh | h( x) Dg , g (h( x)) D f }

Expressing a functions as a composition

Expressing a functions as a composition

Expressing a functions as a composition

New functions from old - translations

New functions from old - translations

New functions from old - translations

New functions from old - reflections

The graph of y = f(x) is the reection of the graph of y = f(x) about the y-axis because the
point (x, y) on the graph of f(x) is replaced by (x, y). Similarly, the graph of y = f(x) is
the reection of the graph of y = f(x) about the x-axis because the point (x, y) on the graph
of f(x) is replaced by (x, y) [the equation y = f(x) is equivalent to y = f(x)]. This is
summarized in Table 0.2.3.

New functions from old - reflections

New functions from old - reflections

New functions from old - symmetry

New functions from old - symmetry

Even and odd functions

Lines

A line through two points

Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be two fixed points.
There exists an unique line l which passes through
them.
Let find its equation.
If x1 = x2 then the line
l is vertical and its
equation is x = x1.

P(x1, y1)

Q(x1, y2)
x1

A line through two points

Let x1 x2. Let R(x, y) be
an arbitrary third point of
the line l.
Let
construct
the
triangles PSQ and
PTR (as on Figure).
Notice that triangles
PSQ and PTR are
right triangles which
have three equal angles
This means that PSQ
and PTR are similar.

R(x, y)
Q(x2, y2)
P(x1, y1)
S(x2, y1) T(x, y1)

A line through two points

In this case, the lengths of the
corresponding sides are
proportional.
RT QS

PT PS
y y1 y2 y1

x x1 x2 x1
(1)

y y1

R(x, y)
Q(x2, y2)
P(x1, y1)

y2 y1
( x x1 ) two-point equation
x2 x1

x2 x1

y y1
y2 y1

S(x2, y1) T(x, y1)

x2 x1

Example 1
Find a two point equation of the line that passes
through the points (2,3) and (4,7).
73
y 3
( x 2)
42
y 3 2( x 2)
y 2x 1

The slope of a line

We can prove that the quotient
y2 y1
x2 x1

is independent of the choice of two points from the

line, i.e., this quotient is equal for every two chosen
points from the line.
It is called the slope of the line l.

Point-slope equation
Letting

y2 y1
x2 x1

and substituting in (1), we have

(2)

y y1 m( x x1 )

Point-slope equation

Example 2
Find a point-slope equation of the line passes through
(1,2) with the given slope and sketch the line.
a) m = 2; b) m = 0; c) m = 1
Solution
a) y 2 = 2(x 1)
y = 2x
b) y 2 = 0(x 1)
y=2
c) y 2 = 1(x 1)
y=x+3

(1, 2)

y= 2

y=

2x

y=

x
+

Discussion about the slope

The point (x1, y1) belongs to the line given by
(2) y y1 m( x x1 )

Let find the y coordinate of the point of the line

which x coordinate is x1 + 1. Substituting in (2), we
obtain
y y1 = m (x1 + 1 x1)
y = y1 + m
i.e., the point (x1+1, y1+m) belongs to the line l.

Discussion about the slope

1. If m > 0, then y1 + m > y1, which means that the

point (x1+1, y1+m) is higher than (x1, y1), In this case,
the line increases from the left to right.
2. If m < 0, then y1 + m < y1, which means that the
point (x1+1, y1+m) is lower than (x1, y1), In this case,
the line decreases from the left to right.
3. If m = 0, then y1 + m = y1, i.e., the points (x1, y1) and
(x1+1, y1) have the same height. This means that, the
line is horizontal.

Another description of m
m

y2 y1

Q(x2, y2)

P(x1, y1)
x2 x1

S(x2, y1)

y2 y1
tg
x2 x1

is called the angle of

inclination.
If is an acute angle
(0 /2) then l
increases from left to
right.
If is an obtuse angle
then l decreases from left
to right.

Slope-intercept equation

Let l be a non-vertical line. Then l intercepts the yaxis in a point (0,b).

Let find b.
Since (0,b) is a point from the line
y y1 m( x x1 )
by substitution, we have
b y1 = m(0 x1)
b = y1 mx1

Slope-intercept equation

Let transform the equation

y y1 m( x x1 )

y y1 mx mx1
y mx y1 mx1
14 2 43
b

(3)

y mx b

slope-intercept equation

b is called an y-intercept of l.
Example 3. Find the slope-intercept equation of the line with the
slope 3 and y-intercept 1.
Solution: y = 3x 1

Parallel and perpendicular lines

Theorem 1. Let l1 and l2 be two lines given by their
slopes m1 and m2, correspondingly.
i ) l1 || l2
ii ) l1 l2

m1 m2

1
m1m2 1, i.e., m2
m1

Families of functions

Families of curves

Families of curves

Power functions

Power functions

Power functions

Power functions

Power functions

Power functions

Power functions with non-integer exponents

Power functions with non-integer exponents

Power functions with non-integer exponents