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Production of Nitrogen
Nitrogen is obtained when dry ammonia is
passed over heated copper(II) oxide.
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) N2(g) + 3H2O(l) +3Cu
At 10 atmosphere pressure dust is removed.
Then CO2 and moisture are removed.
Air is now compressed to 200 atmosphere
pressure and cooled to room temperature.
Sudden expansion cools the gas
Cooled gases recycled many times until liquifies
At -196C nitrogen boils out.
Ammonia
Laboratory preparation of ammonia.
Ca(OH)2(s) +NH4Cl(s) Ca2+(Cl-)2 + 2H2O+
2NH3(g)
Process condition
Chemical properties of
ammonia
Ammonium salt resemble the alkali metal
salts. But the decompose when heated
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
NH4NO2 N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(l)
With alkali metal it forms amide.
2Na(s) + 2NH3(g) NaNH2(s) + H2(g)
Ammonia reduce chlorine to chloride.
Nitric acid
Nitric acid is made in the laboratory
by dissolving nitrate in sulphuric
acid. Nitric acid boils out at a lower
temperature.
NO3- + H2SO4(l) HSO4-+ HNO3(l)
Catalyst- Platinum-Rhodium
Temperature 850C
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia produce NO.
4NH3(g)+ 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Cooled gas is reacted with oxygen to form NO 2.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
Then reacted with air and water to form nitric
acid.
4NO2(g) +2H2O(l) +O2(g) 4HNO3(aq)
Any excess NO2 is absorbed in sodium hydoroxide.
Nitration
Benzene and its derivatives are
nitrated by a mixture of nitric acid
and sulphuric acid. The reacting
species being nitronium ion, NO2+.
The purpose of the sulphuric acid is
to increase the NO2+ concentration.
It also prevents presence of nitrate
ion. The two ionisation is as follows
Nitration 2
2HNO3
Oxidation of nonmetals
Sulphur and phosphorus are attaked
by nitric acid.
S (s) + 6HNO3 H2SO4(aq) +6NO2(g)
+2H2O(l)
P(s) + 5HNO3 H3PO4 (aq) +
5NO2(g) + H2O(l)
Oxidation of metals
Dilute nitric acid gives NO with
copper.
8HNO3 + 3Cu(s) 3Cu2+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) +
4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)
Aqua regia
Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric acid
and hydrochloric acid in the ratio 1:3.
it oxidize gold and platinum.
Au(s) +6HNO3 Au3+ (aq) + 3NO3-(aq)+3NO2(g)+
3H2O
Thermal decomposition of
Nitrate
2NO3- NO2(g) + O2-+ O2