Getaran

Manusia

Human Vibration
Human vibration is
the effect of
mechanical vibration
on the human body.
It can be classified
into two categories,
Whole Body Vibration
(WBV) and Hand Arm
Vibration (HAV).

Human Vibration
WBV occurs when a greater part of the body
is supported on a surface, which is vibrating
(e.g., when sitting on a seat which vibrates,
standing on vibrating floor or recumbent on a
vibrating surface).

Categories of WBV

Human Vibration
HAV is the vibration that enters the body
through the hands.
HAV is caused by various processes in
industry, agriculture, mining and construction
where the hand and fingers grasp or push
vibrating objects.

What is vibration?

Vibration is mechanical oscillation

about a reference position.

Vibration in everyday life

Useful vibration

Type of vibration signal

Klasifikasi Getaran
Free vibration
Jika sistem tsb diberi beban/simpangan awal,
setelah beban/simpangan tersebut
dihilangkan, sistem tsb terus/tetap
berosilasi/bergetar
Forced vibration
Jika sistem tersebut diberi beban/simpangan
terus menerus selama berosilasi atau bergetar

RESPON GETARAN BEBAS

RESPON GETARAN PAKSA

Klasifikasi Getaran
Undamped
Jika tidak ada energi yang hilang atau
terserap selama proses osilasi atau
bergetar
Damped
Jika ada energi yang hilang atau terserap
selama proses osilasi

RESPON GETARAN BEBAS

RESPON GETARAN BEBAS TEREDAM

Apakah Gelombang?
Gangguan atau variasi yang mentransferkan
energi secara progresif dari satu titik ke titik
yang lain dalam suatu medium dan bisa berupa
deformasi elastis atau variasi tekanan, intensitas
elektris atau magnetis, potensial elektris, atau
temperatur.

Gelombang Transversal

Gelombang Longitudinal

DOF

Degree of Freedom (DOF) Banyaknya koordinat bebas

minimum yang diperlukan untuk menentukan posisi
massa (komponen) suatu sistem

Degree of Freedom
1-DOF mempunyai 1 natural frequency dan 1 mode getaran

Degree of Freedom
2-DOF mempunyai 2 natural frequency dan 2 mode getaran

Degree of Freedom
2-DOF mempunyai 2 natural frequency dan 2 mode getaran

Degree of Freedom
3-DOF mempunyai 3 natural frequency dan 3 mode getaran

Degree of Freedom
4-DOF mempunyai 4 natural frequency dan 4 mode getaran

Mechanical system

All mechanical systems contain the three basic

components: spring, damper, and mass.

Energi Getaran (tanpa

redaman)
Energi kinetic dari sistem merupakan fungsi dari
masa dan pergerakan dari sistem.
Energi potential dari sistem merupakan fungsi
dari masa dan elastisitas dari sistem.
Ketika sistem bergetar, energi dari sistem
berubah-ubah antara energi kinetik dan energi
potential.

Energi Getaran (tanpa

redaman)

Energi Getaran (tanpa

redaman)
Tanpa adanya mekanisme pelepasan energi dari
sistem, secara teoritis sistem akan bergetar
selamanya.
Damping merupakan mekanisme
mentransformasikan energi kinetik dan energi
potential menjadi panas sehingga akan melepas
energi dari sistem.

Mechanical models of Human Body

Vibration Magnitude
The three parameters that describe the
amplitude of vibration as a function of
frequency are:
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

Magnitude/Amplitude

Magnitude/Amplitude

Magnitude/Amplitude
Hubungan displacement, velocity & acceleration

Magnitude/Amplitude
Hubungan displacement, velocity & acceleration

Magnitude/Amplitude
How to break wire

Magnitude/Amplitude
Magnitude of vibration is generally specified in terms
of acceleration for the following reasons:
a. Velocity & displacement can be obtained from

the measurement of acceleration.

b. A large variety of accelerometers are commercially
available and relatively not expensive.
c. The amplitude of acceleration at the higher frequencies
is substantially higher than either displacement or
velocity and, therefore, is easier to measure.

Magnitude/Amplitude

Frequency
The number of complete cycles that
occurs per second.
Measured in hertz (Hz).
Complete cycle:
A

t(s)

Frequency

Frequency
Natural Frequency /
Frekuensi Alami pada
beberapa bagian
tubuh manusia

Resonansi
Terjadi bila gaya pemaksa mempunyai
frekuensi yang sama dengan frekuensi
alami sistem.

Tacoma Narrow Bridge

Direction of Human Vibration

Yaw (rZ)
Translasi thd sb x = Horizontal
Pitch (ry)

Translasi thd sb y = Lateral

Translasi thd sb z = Vertical
Rotasi thd sb x = Roll

Lateral (Y)
Vertical
(Z)
Horizontal
(X)

Rotasi thd sb y = Pitch

Roll (rx)
Rotasi thd sb z = Yaw

Perception of vibration
Brain
Vestibular

Kinaesthetic

Complex physiological and

psychological sensation
transmitted from numerous
and varied CNS receptors
and integrated by the brain
to yield a subjective
perception of vibration being
experienced.
The proprioreceptive
senses (the vestibular
system and the kinaesthetic
system) appear to have the
greatest influence on the
bodys perceptions of
vibration.

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration

Effects on Health
Effect on Task Performance
Effect on Comfort
Motion Sickness

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration

EFFECTS ON HEALTH
Spinal column disease and complaints:
These are perhaps the most common diseases
associated with the long-term exposure to whole-body
vibration, where the back is especially sensitive to the
4-12 Hz vibration range.

Digestive system diseases:

Often observed in persons exposed to whole-body
vibration over a long period of time. Associated with
the resonance movement of the stomach at
frequencies between 4 and 5 Hz.

Cardiovascular system effects:

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration at
frequencies below 20 Hz results in hyperventilation,
increased heart rate, oxygen intake, pulmonary
ventilation and respiratory rate.

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration

EFFECTS ON TASK PERFORMANCE
the senses, and create problems with
collecting information;
the processing information;
the level of arousal, motivation or fatigue; and
intentional actions.

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration

EFFECTS ON COMFORT
Some motion can be a source of pleasure
but some may cause dissatisfaction,
discomfort and displeasure.
It was established that the change in
discomfort is proportional to a change in
magnitude, that is a doubling in vibration
magnitude causes a doubling of
discomfort (Griffin, 1990).

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration

MOTION SICKNESS
Vibration at frequencies of about 1 Hz and
below, which occur in many forms of
transport, might induce motion sickness
(kinetosis).
It results in nausea, dizziness, vomiting
and can affect the safe handling of
vehicles or the performance of other tasks.

Effect of HAV on Health

Vibration Syndrome
Raynauld Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Effect of HAV on Health

Vibration Syndrome
Symptoms related to vibration syndrome:
muscle weakness,
muscle fatigue,
pain in the arms and shoulders,
Other symptoms:
headaches,
irritability,
depression,
forgetfulness, and
sleeping problems

Effect of HAV on Health

Raynauld Syndrome (Vibration-induced
White Finger)
Vibration-Induced White Finger (VWF), also
known as "Dead Finger" or "Dead Hand" is
the result of impaired circulation (poor blood
supply in the fingers, caused by the prolonged
use of vibrating tools.
Temporary tingling or numbness during or
soon after use of a vibrating hand tool is not
considered to be VWF, however tingling and
numbness in the fingers lasting more than an
hour after finishing work may indicate early
stages of VWF.

Effect of HAV on Health

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
A group of symptoms in the hand which arise
from pressure on one of the nerves which
passes through the palm side of the wrist.
The symptoms of CTS are pain or the feeling
of pins and needles in fingers, hand or wrist.
CTS may improve if diagnosed in the early
stages and exposure is stopped. In moderate
cases CTS can be relieved by a surgical
operation which relieves the pressure on the
nerve. In very severe cases the symptoms are
irreversible and may include weakness of the
hand due to loss of muscle function

Measuring Vibration

Measuring Vibration

HAV: Basicentric

HAV: Mounting Device

HAV: Mounting Device

Hand adaptor is used when rigid mounting to the
tool is not possible

HAV: Weighting Frequency

HAV: Evaluation Method

The acceleration is measured and reported
frequency weighted root mean squared (rms)
value of acceleration
in
Frequency-weighted root-mean-square
acceleration is given as:

where
aw is the instantaneous frequency-weighted acceleration;
T is the duration of measurement.

HAV: Evaluation Method

Total daily time averaged rms acceleration is given as:

where

HAV: Evaluation Method

Total daily rms acceleration amplitude can be converted
to an equivalent 4-hr acceleration amplitude by:

where

HAV: Evaluation Method

WBV: DirectionBasicentric

WBV : Measurement Device

WBV : Mounting the Transducer

WBV: Weighting Frequency

WBV: Evaluation Method

ISO 2631 1:
The basic evaluation method
Frequency-weighted root-mean-square acceleration
(r.m.s.)
T
1
2
~
aw
a w t dt
T0

where
aw is the instantaneous frequency-weighted acceleration;
T is the duration of measurement.

WBV: Evaluation Method

Health Guidance Caution Zone

WBV: Evaluation Method

The additional evaluation method

Frequency-weighted vibration dose value (VDV)

VDV a w t dt
0

1
4

where
aw(t) is the instantaneous frequency-weighted acceleration;
T
is the duration of measurement.

Frequency-weighted maximum transient vibration value (MTVV)

MTVV max

1 t0
2
a w t dt
t0

where
aw(t) is the instantaneous frequency-weighted acceleration;
is the integration time of running averaging.

WBV: Evaluation Method

Running
r.m.s.

MTVV

r.m.s.

= 1 second

r.m.s.
MTVV
VDV
time

Growth of
various
analysis
methods
VDV
time

CF

MTV V
RMS
time

Home work
1. Apa fungsi pembobotan pada analisa
getaran
2. Mengapa manusia sensitive terhadap
suara pada 4 kHz
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Acoustic
Reflex
4. Pada suatu industri kebisingan yang
terukur adalah 89 dB, berapa lama
pekerja dapat bekerja perharinya.