2.

Lyophobic

3. Dispersed Systems
Dispersed systems consist of particulate matter, known
as the dispersed phase, distributed throughout a continuous
or dispersion medium. The particulate matter,
or dispersed phase, consists of particles that range
from 1 nm to 0.5 mm (109 m to 5 x 107 m).
Dispersed systems are classified as follows:
Molecular dispersions: <1 nm, invisible under electron
microscopy (EM). Examples are oxygen molecules,
ions, and glucose.
Colloidal dispersions: 1 nm to 0.5 mm, visible
under EM. Examples are colloidal silver sols and
natural and synthetic polymers.
Coarse dispersions: larger than 0.5 mm, visible
under light microscopy. Examples are grains of sand,
emulsions, suspensions, and red blood cells.

KOLOID
Aplikasi Kolod di Farmasi
1.Perak klorida, perak iodida, perak protein koloida germisida
efektif & tdk iritatif
2.Serbuk kasar sulfur absorpsi buruk, bentuk koloidnya diabsorpsi
secara baik
3.Sistem penghantaran obat : hidrogel, mikrosfere, mikroemulsi,
liposom, nanopartikel, nanokristal.

Types of Colloidal Systems

Lyophilic colloids
Systems containing colloidal particles that interact
with the dispersion medium are referred to as lyophilic
colloids. Because of their affinity for the dispersion
medium, such materials form colloidal dispersions
with relative ease. For example, the dissolution of acacia
or gelatin in water or celluloid in amyl acetate
leads to the formation of a solution. Most lyophilic
colloids are polymers (eg, gelatin, acacia, povidone,
albumin, rubber, and polystyrene).

Lyophobic colloids
Lyophobic colloids, or inorganic particles dispersed in
water, are composed of materials that have little attraction,
if any, for the dispersion medium. Lyophobic colloids
are intrinsically unstable and irreversible.

Association colloids
Association (referring to amphiphilic colloids) colloids
are formed by the grouping or association of amphiphiles,
ie, molecules that exhibit both lyophilic and
lyophobic properties. At low concentrations, amphiphiles
exist separately and do not form a colloid. At
higher concentrations, aggregation occurs at around 50
or more monomers, which induces micelle formation.
As with lyophilic colloids, formation of association

Table 1. Some colloidal dispersions

Dispersed phase Medium

Type

Examples

Liquid

Gas

Aerosol

Fog, sprays

Liquid

Liquid

Emulsion

Salad dressing

Liquid

Solid

Solid emulsion

Pearl, opal

Solid

Solid

Solid suspension

Pigmented
plastics

Solid

Liquid

Sol or paste

Ink, toothpaste

Solid

Gas

Aerosol

Inhalers, smoke

Gas

Liquid

Foam

Fire extinguisher,
detergent
foam

Gas

Solid

Solid foam

Pumice stone,
expanded
polystyrene

Table 2. Some industrial applications of colloids

Effluent treatment

Precipitation and/or flocculation for

clarification

Paint industry

Achieve homogeneous films,

toughness and 'hiding' power

Food industry

Stable creams and gels

Cosmetics and toiletries

Emulsions, toothpaste

Detergent industry

Stabilisation of suspended soil, liquid

abrasives

Pharmaceutical industry

Stable dispersions to ensure uniform

dose of active drug

Agricultural industry

Pesticides formulated as dispersions

1. Mechanical Properties (Brownian movement)

When colloidal solutions have been observed through ultra

microscope, the colloidal particles are seen in constant and
rapid zigzag motion called Brownian movement. Sir Robert
Brown first observed the phenomenon in 1827.
Suspensions and true solutions do not exhibit Brownian
movement.
Brownian motion counters the force of
gravity acting on colloidal particles and
hence helps in providing stability to
colloidal sol by preventing their settlement.
Smaller the colloidal particles, more is the
Brownian motion.

Gerak zig-zag partikel koloid secara terus-menerus disebut

Gerak Brown. Gerak Brown (teori kinetik molekul) :
bahwa molekul-molekul dalam zat cair selalu
bergerak cepat.
Gerak Brown terjadi akibat tumbukan yang tidak seimbang
dari molekul-molekul medium terhadap partikel koloid.
Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin cepat Gerak Brown
berlangsung karena energi kinetik molekul medium
meningkat sehingga menghasilkan tumbukan yang lebih
kuat.
Gerak inilah yang menyebabkan atikel-partikel koloid tidak
mengendap karena dapat mengatasi gaya gravitasi
(stabilitas emulsi, suspensi)

2. DIFFUSION
As a result of Brownian motion
particle pass (diffuse) fram region of
higher concentration to one with
lower conc.

Rate of diffusion is express by :

Ficks First law :
dM
dC
DA
dt
dx

dM is the mass of substance

diffusing in time dt accross an
area A under the influence of
concentration gradient dC/dx

3. Osmotic pressure
The

most important colligative property from a pharmaceutical point of

view is referred to as osmotic pressure.
The

osmotic pressure of a solution is the external pressure that must be

applied to the solution in order to prevent it being diluted by the entry of
solvent via a process known as osmosis.
Osmosis:

If two solutions of different

concentrations are separated by a
semi-permeable membrane (only
permeable to the solvent) the
solvent will move from the
solution of lower solute
concentration to that of higher
solute concentration.

In osmosis, the solvent water moves through a semipermeable

membrane
Water flows from the side with the lower solute concentration
into the side with the higher solute concentration

Eventually, the concentrations of the two solutions become

equal.

Osmotic pressure

Equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of

additional water into the more concentrated solution

Increases as the number of dissolved particles increase

At small particle size (less than 0,5m) Brownian motion is significant and
tend to prevent sedimentation due to gravity.

5. VISCOSITY
The resistence to flow of a system an applied pressure.
Viscosity of colloid, allow :
1.Calculation of the molecular wieght
2.Provide useful information about the shape of the colloidal particles.
Sperocolloidal dispersions are relatively low viscosity
Linearcolloidal dispersions are of high viscosity

B. Optical properties or Tyndall effect:

1. EFEK TYNDALL
Larutan bersifat meneruskan cahaya sedangkan koloid bersifat
menghamburkan cahaya. Berkas cahaya yang melalui koloid dapat
diamati dari arah samping walaupun partikel koloidnya tidak tampak.
Maka, efek Tyndall :
adalah peristiwa penghamburan cahaya oleh partikel-partikel
koloid.
Contoh peristiwa efek Tyndall :
sorot lampu pada malam yang berkabut, sorot lampu
proyektor di ruangan yang berasap dan berkas sinar matahari melalui
celah daun pohon pada pagi
yang berkabut.

In 1869 Tyndall observed that when a strong beam of light is

passed through colloidal sol placed in dark, the path of light
is illuminated. This effect is called Tyndall effect, which is
due to scattering of light by colloidal particles. The
illuminated path of beam is called Tyndall cone.

Light scattering can be used to study colloidal system

by using of Dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique.
DLS can determine size distribution profile of particles
in suspension or polymer in solution.
Careful studies of scattering as a function of direction
can be used not only to determine size but also the
shape of macromolecules. Thus albumin (mol. wt., 61
kDa) is ellipsoidal in shape, whereas fibrinogen, a
blood clotting protein (mol. wt., 400 kDa) has an
elongated, fabrillar shape.
The importance of light scattering measurements:
1.Estimate the particle size
2. Estimate particle shape
3. Estimate particle interactions

C. Electrical properties:

In some colloids, the particles absorb ions and thereby

acquire electrical charge. For example ferric oxide and
aluminum hydroxide sol is positively charged due to
absorption of H+ ions.
Arsenious sulphide sol forms a negative sol by absorbing
S2- ions. Gold, silver and platinum sols are also have
negative charge.
The mixing of positively charged ferric oxide sol and
negatively charged Arsenious sulphide sol, coagulates both
sols.
The charge on colloidal particles is responsible for stability
of colloids because the repulsion between similarly charged
particles prevents them to settle down.
The phenomenon of electrophoresis proves the existence of
charge on colloidal particles.

MUATAN PERMUKAAN

Partikel koloid dapat bergerak dalam medan listrik dan

mempunyai muatan.
Pergerakan partikel koloid dalam medan listrik disebut
elektroforesis.
Bila partikel koloid menyerap ion pada permukaannya,
maka partikel koloid akan bermuatan listrik.
Partikel koloid bermuatan positif bila mengadsorpsi kation,
misalnya Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, protein dalam asam dan lain-lain.
Sebaliknya partikel koloid akan bermuatan negatif bila
mengadsorpsi anion, misalnya As2S3, belerang, sol logam, kanji
dan lain-lain.
Elektrode yang dialiri arus listrik dicelupkan ke dalam dispersi
koloid, maka partikel koloid bermuatan positif akan bergerak
menuju katode dan partikel koloid bermuatan negatif akan
bergerak menuju anode.

ADSORPSI

Partikel koloid dapat menyerap molekul atau ion pada permukaannya

sehingga memiliki muatan listrik (adsorpsi).
Sol Fe(OH)3 dalam air mengadsorpsi ion positif hingga bermuatan positif,
dan sol As2S3 dalam air mengadsorpsi ion negatif sehingga bermuatan
negatif.

Sifat adsorpsi dari koloid bermanfaat

dalam proses :
Serbuk karbon (norit), didalam usus membentuk sistem koloid yang
dapat mengadsorpsi gas atau zat racun.
Pemutihan gula tebu. Gula yang masih berwarna dilarutkan dalam air
kemudian dialirkan melalui tanah diatomae dan arang tulang sehingga
zat warna dalam gula akan diadsorpsi dan gula menjadi putih bersih.
Proses penjernihan air. Air ditambahkan alumunium sulfat sehingga
terhidrolisis membentuk Al(OH)3 yang berupa koloid yang dapat
mengadsorpsi zat warna dan pencemar dalam air.

Electrophoresis
Involves the movement of a charged particle through a liquid under the
influence of an applied potential difference.
An electrophoresis cell, fitted with two electrodes, contains the dispersion.
When a potential is applied across the electrodes, the particles migrate to the
oppositely charged electrode.
Electrophoresis: The movement of a charged particle relative to the liquid it
suspended in under the influence of an applied electric field
This technique finds application in
- Measurements of zeta potentials of model systems (like polystyrene latex
dispersion),
- To test colloidal stability theory,
- To asses the stability of coarse dispersion,
- In identification of charge groups
The particles move with a characteristic velocity which is dependent on the
strength of the electric field (measured by the instrument), the dielectric constant
and the viscosity of the medium.
The velocity of a particle in a unit electric field is referred to as its electrophoretic
mobility

Zeta potential
Is an abbreviation

for electrokinetic potential in colloidal

systems.
Zeta potential is the potential difference between the
dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to
dispersed particle.
- If all the particles have a large negative or positive zeta potential they will
Repel each other and there is dispersion stability.
If the particles have low zeta potential values then there is no force to prevent the
Particles coming together and there is dispersion instability.
-

Zeta potential is not measurable directly but it can be calculated using theoritical
models and an experimently-determined electrophoretic mobility or dynamic
electrophoretic mobility.

Colloids

show high adsorptive properties for

two reasons:
1- Colloids have a large surface area per gram as a
result of their small size.
2- The particles of a colloid selectively adsorb ions
and acquire an electric charge.

Adsorptive properties

Coagulation of colloids
The

stability of colloids depend on the existence of

charge on their particles. If this charge is neutralized,
the colloidal sol is precipitated. This process of
precipitation is called coagulation.
At lower conc. of an electrolyte, the aggregation of
colloidal particles is called flocculation. Flocculation
can be reversed by shaking.
At higher conc. of an electrolyte, coagulation takes
place and cannot be reversed by shaking.
Hydrophobic sol are easily coagulated compared to
lyophilic sol.
The coagulation of hydrophilic sols is not only due to
neutralization of charge. The lightly bound water to
the particles protect them from coagulation. Stronger
the dehydrating power of an ion, more will be
coagulating of particles.

Stability of Colloidal dispersions

Stabilization serves to prevent colloids from aggregating.
Steric stabilization and electrostatic stabilization are the
two main mechanisms for colloid stabilization. Electrostatic
stabilization is based on the mutual repulsion of like
electrical charges.
In general, different phases have different charge affinities,
so that an electric double layer forms at any interface.
Small particle sizes lead to increase surface areas, and this
effect is greatly amplified in colloids.
The charge on the dispersed particles can be observed by
applying an electric field: All particles migrate to the same
electrode and therefore must all have the same sign
charge.

Stabilization of colloidal dispersion is

accomplished by two means: providing the
dispersed particles with an electric charge and
surrounding each particle with a protective
solvent.

Protection of colloids
The

lyophobic sols are very susceptible to the process

of coagulation or precipitation.
The lyophilic sols are enclosed in the sheath of solvent
molecules. The cage serves as barrier preventing the
particles from aggregating at low conc. of an
electrolyte.
The layer of lyophilic particles around the particles of
lyophobic sol protect it from coagulation.
The substances such as gum, gelatin, starch,
tragacanth, etc. are known as protective colloids.
Gold number is the number of (mg) of protective
colloids which just prevents the coagulation of 10 ml
of a standard red gold sol when 1 ml of 10% NaCl
solution is added to it.
Lower the gold number of a protective colloid, better
is the protective action.

KOAGULASI

Penambahan partikel koloid dengan suatu elektrolit yang

bermuatan
berlawanan
menyebabkan
penggumpalan/
koagulasi. Apabila muatan koloid dihilangkan maka kestabilan
akan berkurang dan menyebabkan penggumpalan/koagulasi.
Apabila arus listrik dialirkan cukup lama ke dalam sel
elektroforesis maka partikel akan digumpalkan ketika
mencapai elektrode. Makin besar muatan ion makin kuat daya
tarik menariknya denga partikel koloid sehingga makin cepat
terjadinya koagulasi.
KOLOID PELINDUNG
Sistem koloid dapat distabilkan dengan penambahan suatu koloid lain yang
disebut koloid pelindung (koloid protektif).
Koloid pelindung ini akan membungkus partikel terdispersi sehingga tidak
dapat lagi berkelompok / agregat.

DIALISIS

Darah (sistem kolid) pada permukaannya, seringkali terdapat

ion-ion yang dapat mengganggu kestabilan koloid tersebut. Ionion pengganggu ini dihilangkan dengan suatu proses yang
disebut dialisis. Dalam proses ini, sistem koloid dimasukkan ke
dalam suatu kantung koloid, lalu kantung koloid itu dimasukkan
ke dalam bejana berisi air mengalir. Kantong koloid terbuat dari
selaput semipermeable, yang dapat melewatkan pertikel-partikel
kecil, seperti ion-ion atau molekul sederhana, tetapi menahan
partikel besar seperti koloid. Dengan demikian, ion-ion keluar
dari kantong dan hanyut bersama air. Contoh : proses cuci
darah.