Introduction and Review of

Maxells Equations
Lecture # 1 & 2

Name of Books
Electromagnetic Waves and
Radiation System by Edward C.
Jordan
Antenna and Wave Propagation by
G.S.N , Raju

https://sites.google.com/a/faculty
.muet.edu.pk/saima-hafeez

Review of Grad, Div and Curl

Gradient
Grad computes the gradient of scalar function, that is, it find the
gradient, the slop, how fast the change occur in any given direction.
Represents as :

f F

Divergence
Div of a vector field is scalar and it measure of how much vector field
spread out in space.
Represents as :

F f

Curl
Curl of a vector field is vector. It is the measure of how much the
field is twist or curl about a point.
Represents as :

F G

Review of Maxwells equation for Static Field

Names of laws

Point form

Gausss law

Integral form

D dS Qenc v dv
s

Gausss
law
magnetism
Faradays
induction

law

for

of

Amperes
law+
maxwells extension

B 0

B dS 0

E 0

E dL 0

H J

H dL I enc
c

Review of Maxwells equations for Time varying fields

Names of laws

Point form

Gausss law

Integral form

D dS Qenc
s

Gausss
law
magnetism
Faradays
induction

law

for

of

Amperes
law+
maxwells extension

B 0

B dS 0
s

B
E
B E dL B dS
t
c
s

D H dL J D dS
H J

c
s
t

Maxwells equations for Free space

Names of laws

Point form

Integral form

D 0

Gausss law

D dS 0
s

Gausss
law
magnetism
Faradays
induction

law

for

of

Amperes
law+
maxwells extension

B 0

E B

H D

B dS 0
s

E dL B dS
c

H dL D dS
c

Maxwells equations for Static Field in Free space

Names of laws

Point form

D 0

Gausss law

D dS 0
s

Gausss
law
magnetism
Faradays
induction

Integral form

law

for

of

Amperes
law+
Maxwell's extension

B 0

B dS 0

E 0

E dL 0

H 0

H dL 0

Expression of J in term of Electric field

L
R
A

I
J
A

L
R
A

V
J R
A

L
R
A
V
I
R

V
J LA
A

V
J
L

V EL

J E

Influence of medium on the field

Characteristics of E and M field of a medium
can be described as

D E

B H

J E

Medium can be divided into five types

Homogeneous medium : having uniform properties throughout its
volume.
, and Are constant through out medium
For example : water, salt, white sugar and plastic cup milk
Non Homogeneous medium : having not uniform properties
throughout its volume.
, and Are not constant through out medium
For example : Human blood
Isotropic medium: has similar properties in any direction of travel for
waves through that medium.
Is a scalar constant through out medium
For example : rubber

Anisotropic medium

Is not a scalar constant through out medium

For example : wood

Source free medium : there is not field sources

What is wave
A wave, which is a physical phenomenon, means a recurring function of
time at a point.

In its re- occurrence there is time delay which is

proportional to the space separation between two adjacent locations.

UNIFORM PLANE WAVE

An EM wave propagation in x direction is said
to be a uniform plane wave if its field E and H
are independent of y and z directions.
It is defined as a wave whose electric and
magnetic fields have constant amplitude over
the equi-phase surfaces. These wave exist only
in free space at an infinite distance from the
source or antenna.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticwave3D.
gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticsid

eview.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticwave3Dfroms
ide.gif

How do we use electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are used to transmit long/short/FM
wavelength radio waves, and signals or energies. They are also
responsible for transmiting energy in the form of microwaves,
infrared radiation (IR), visible light (VIS), ultraviolet light (UV),
X-rays, and gamma rays TV/telephone/wireless.

Uses of Electromagnetic Waves

Introduction
Wavelength of the Electro-Magnetic spectrum continually changes
high frequency = short wavelength
high frequency = high energy
high energy = more dangerous
Radio Waves (communications)
TV and FM radio (short wavelength)
Direct line of sight with transmitter (do not diffract)
Satellite signals (Microwaves)
Frequency of microwaves pass easily through atmosphere and clouds
Infrared Radiation (remote controls, toasters)
Any object that radiates heat radiates Infrared Radiation
Infrared Radiation is absorbed by all materials and causes heating
Police use it to catch criminals, army use it to detect enemy

Continue
Ultraviolet
Dangers:
over-exposure to UVA and B damages surface cells and eyes and can cause cancer.
Benefits:
UVC is germicidal, destroying bacteria, viruses and moulds in the air, in water and on
surfaces.

X-rays
X-rays detect bone breaks
X-rays pass through flesh but not dense material like bones
Dangers: X-rays damage cells and cause cancers. Radiographer precautions
include wearing lead aprons and standing behind a lead screen to minimise
exposure
Gamma Rays
Gamma Rays cause and treat cancers
In high doses, gamma can kill normal cells and cause cancers
Gamma can be used to kill mutated cells though too.

Advantage of EM wave

Requires no maintenance of the medium