Inventions and Innovations

Lecture by
Dr. S. Srinivas Kumar
Professor of ECE
University College of Engineering,
Kakinada
JNT University, Kakinada

Invention
It is the "creation of a product or introduction of a
process for the first time."
Innovation
It happens when someone "improves on or
makes a significant contribution" to something
that has already been invented.

If invention is a pebble tossed in the pond,

innovation
is the rippling effect that pebble causes.
Someone has to toss the pebble. That's the
inventor.
Someone has to recognize the ripple will
eventually
become a wave. That's the entrepreneur.

The first electric light was made in 1800 byHumphry Davy, an English scientist. He
experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected
wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is
called an electric arc.

Much later, in 1860, the English physicist SirJoseph Wilson Swan(1828-1914) was
determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light. He found that a carbon
paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new
electric lamps in Newcastle, England.

In 1877, the AmericanCharles Francis Brushmanufactured some carbon arcs to

light a public square in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. These arcs were used on a few streets,
in a few large office buildings, and even some stores. Electric lights were only used
by a few people.

Thomas Alva Edison(in the USA) experimented with thousands of different

filaments to find just the right materials to glow well and be long-lasting. In 1879,
Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not
burn up for 40 hours. Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over
1500 hours.

Lewis Howard Latimer(1848-1928) improved the bulb by inventing a carbon

filament (patented in 1881); Latimer was a member of Edison's research team, which
was called "Edison's Pioneers." In 1882, Latimer developed and patented a method of

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist,

inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with
patenting the first practical telephone.

Bell was awarded his patent for the telephone on

March 7, 1876

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist.

He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two
pillars of modern physics.
In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics

Aryabhatta

Aryabhatta (476-550 A.D.), one of the worlds

greatest mathematician- astronomer

Invented Zero

Orville Wright Wilbur Wright

Orville wright
Completed 3years
of high school

Wilbur wright
Completed
4years of high
school

Inventors of Air craft

Inventor Thomas Edison

Inventor Thomas Edison created such great innovations as the

electric light bulb and the phonograph.
By the time he died on October 18, 1931, Thomas Edison had
amassed a record 1,093 patents: 389 for electric light and power,
195 for the phonograph, 150 for the telegraph, 141 for storage
batteries and 34 for the telephone.

William Sturgeon

Invention of the
Electromagnet
Sturgeon in 1824. Sturgeon`s original drawing from his 1824
paper to theBritish Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, and
Commerce.
The magnet was made of 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated
wire had not yet been invented)

Willem Einthoven

Willem Einthoven was the inventor of

the ECG, who won the Nobel Prize
(1924) for medicine.

Inventor of Raman Effect

Sir C V Raman
He was the recipient of the Nobel prize for Physics in 1930 for
the discovery that when Light traverses a transparent
material, some of the light that is deflected changes in
wavelength

Madam Marie Curie

Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the
only woman to win the award in two different fields (physics and
chemistry).
Curie's efforts, with her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery
of polonium and radium and, after Pierre's death, the further
development of X-rays.

Dr. Vishal Rao, a Bangalore based oncologist, has

developed a voice prosthesis that can help throat
cancer patients speak after surgery. And unlike
the extremely expensive ones available in the
market today, this device will cost just Rs. 50.

16

Why Teaching Profession should not be Preferred?

Why Teaching Profession should be Preferred?
What is the role of the Teacher in this society?
What are the responsibilities of the teacher?
When should you opt for this Profession?
When can you succeed in this Profession?
Where should you opt for this Profession?

Why Teaching Profession should not be

Preferred?
Low Remunerations relative to Industries
High Qualifications (Desirous)
Late Settlement in Good position
Performance evaluation is student centric
Active learning forever is desired
High Noble qualities are desired

Why Teaching Profession should be

Preferred?
No Retirement for the Teacher
Recognition and Respect in the society
Noble qualities can be achieved
Good health and no Tensions
Reasonable standard of life is assured
Good relations with students occupying high
positions
Exposure to Higher learning societies

What is the role of the Teacher in this

society?
Transforming the society towards value
driven
Creating healthy mind sets in students &
friends
Innovative thinking for wealth creation
Knowledge enhancement as per societal
needs
Bridging the gap between the society and
students
Disciplined environment in and around

What are the responsibilities of the

teacher?

Teaching
Research
Consultancy
Administration
Serving the society
Sharing the innovations
Networking with higher learning
organizations
Student counselling after awareness
of his / her psychology

When should you opt for this Profession?

Preferred to opt for this profession

after sufficient mental maturity
Preferred to opt for this profession
after higher qualifications
Preferred to opt for this profession
after attaining noble values

When can you succeed in this

Profession?
Teachers thoughts should be student
centric
Teachers thoughts should be for
societal needs
Teacher should not opt for awards and
rewards
Teacher should be with simplicity,
honesty, good natured, and value
driven with selfless

Where should you opt for this

Profession?
Should start his profession / Exposure
to elementary school teaching which
will imbibe high qualities

Badi
Badi
Badi
Badi
Badi
Badi
Badi
Badi

Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu
Panthulu

1-cut.mp4
2-cut.mp4
3-cut.mp4
4-cut.mp4
5-cut.mp4
6.mp4
7.mp4
8.mp4
25

Quotes of Sir Dr. Sarvepalli RadhaKrishnan

It is not God that is worshipped but the authority
that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes
disobedience to authority not violation of integrity.
Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary
reflection and true enjoyment.
When we think we know, we cease to learn.
A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though
no one resembles him.
There is nothing wonderful in my saying that
Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas
were composed.

One persons half-baked suggestion resonates in the mind of

another and suddenly takes a definite shape. An insightful critique of
one way of thinking about a problem leads to another, better
understanding. An incomprehensible simulation result suddenly
makes sense as two people try to understand it together.
(Hakkarainen et al, 2004, p. 149)
Hakkarainen, T., Palonen, T., Paavola, S., & Lehtinen, E. (2004).
Communites of networked expertise: Professional and educational
perspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

27

RESEARCH METHODS/
TYPES OF RESEARCH

28

BASIC RESEARCH
The research is for
Knowledge enhancement,
No immediate commercial potential.
Human welfare, Animal welfare and plant kingdom welfare.
It is called basic, pure, fundamental research.
The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent
something.
There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result
from basic research.
Basic research lay down the foundation for the applied research.
People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what is going
to develop from the basic research
Example : How did the universe begin?
29

APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research is designed to solve practical problem of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge
sake.
The goal of applied research is to improve the human
condition. It focuess on analysis and solving social and real
life problems. And it is expensive
Applied research is an investigation for ways of using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems. Example : improve
agriculture crop production, treat or cure a specific disease,
improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, how can
communication among workers in large companies be improved?
Applied research can be further classified as problem
oriented and problem solving research.
30

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research aim to measure the quantity or amount and
compares it with past records and tries to project for future
period.

The objective of qualitative research is to develop and

employ mathematical models, theories or hypothesis
pertaining to phenomena.

The process of measurement is central to quantitative research

because it provides fundamental connection between empirical
observation and mathematical expression of quantitative
relationships.

31

Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in

quantitative research. Statistical methods are used
extensively with in fields such as economics and commerce.

Quantitative research involving the use of structured questions,

where the response options have been pre-determined and large
number of respondents is involved.

Example: Total sales of soap industry interms of rupees

cores and or quantity interms of lakhs tones for particular
year, say 2008,could be researched, compared with past 5
years and then projection for 2009 could be made.
32

Problem oriented research: Research is done by industry

apex body for sorting out problems faced by all the companies.
Example: WTO does problem oriented research for developing
countries, in india agriculture and processed food export
development authority (APEDA) conduct regular research for
the benefit of agri-industry.
Problem solving Research: This type of research is done by
an individual company for the problem faced by it. Marketing
research and market research are the applied research.
Example: videocon international conducts research to study
customer satisfaction level, it will be problem solving research.
In short, the main aim of applied research is to
discover some solution for some pressing practical
problem.
33

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research presents non-qualitative type of
analysis. Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing and
interpreting data by observing what people do and say.

Qualitative research refers to the meanings,

definitions, characteristics, symbols, metaphors,
and description of things. Qualitative research is
much more subjective and uses very different
methods
of
collecting
information,
mainly
individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups.

The nature of this type of research is exploratory and

open ended. Small number of people are interviewed in
depth and or a relatively small number of focus groups
are conducted.
34

Qualitative research can be further classified in

the following type.
I.Phenomenology: a form of research in which
the researcher attempts to understand how one or
more individuals experience a phenomenon. Eg:we might interview 20 victims of Bhopal tragedy.
II. Ethnography: this type of research focuses on
describing the culture of a group of people. A
culture is the shared attributes, values,
norms, practices, language, and material
things of a group of people. Eg:-the researcher
might decide to go and live with the tribal in
Andaman island and study the culture and the
educational practices
III. Case study: is a form of qualitative research that

35

TYPES OF RESEARCH

36

INTERDISCIPLINARY

Research, teaching, or problem solving that integrates several

disciplines to create a unified outcome

--James Collins
An interdisciplinary community or project is made up of people
from multiple disciplines and professions who are engaged in
creating and applying new knowledge as they work together as
equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.
The key question is what new knowledge (of an academic
discipline nature), which is outside the existing disciplines, is
required to address the challenge.
37

MULTIDISCIPLINARY
A multidisciplinary community or project is made up of people
from different disciplines and professions who are engaged in
working together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common
challenge.

The key question is how well can the challenge be decomposed

into nearly separable subparts, and then addressed via the
distributed knowledge in the community or project team.

38

MULTI- AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Workon

Multidisciplinary

commonproblem

Interaction

Interdisciplinary

forgesnewdiscipline

39

TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses
many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.

It applies to research efforts focused on problems that cross the

boundaries of two or more disciplines, such as research on
effective information systems for biomedical research and can
refer to concepts or methods that were originally developed by
one discipline, but are now used by several others, such as
ethnography, a field research method originally developed in
anthropology but now widely used by other disciplines.

40

INTRA DISCIPLINARY
An Intra disciplinary approach involves an arrangement of the
knowledge and skills within one subject area.

This approach respects the subject's way of knowing distinct

conceptual structures and methods of inquiry.

It aims at integrating the subject's knowledge and skills into a

coherent whole. Also a part of this approach is vertical
integration where knowledge and skills within one subject area
are connected from grade-to-grade
41

42

RESEARCH TOPICS

Air Quality
Climate Change
Environment
Ecosystem Management
(Optimizing the natural
resources)
Electricity
Energy
Environmental Regulation
Food and Agriculture
Forests

Land Use
Marine Resources
Policy Instruments
Risk Management
Space
Transportation
Waste Management and Site
Cleanup
Water
Pharmacy
Engineering disciplines
Management

43

SELECTION OF THE AREA FOR ENGINEERING

Electronics and
Communication Engg

Signal & Image Processing

Communication
Engineering

VLSI Design
Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering

Soil Mechanics

Environmental
Engineering
Computer Science
Engineering

Data Mining and Data

ware
housing

Mobile Computing

Computer Architecture

Electrical & Electronics

Engineering

Power Systems

Power Electronics

VLSI Design
Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Engineering

Production Engineering

Machine Designing

44

SELECTION OF TOPIC
(CHECK FOR VIABILITY, WITH HARDWARE)

Image Processing
Image enhancement
Image restoration
Image segmentation
Image mosaic
Image matching
Image registration
Image watermarking
Image Inpainting
Image compression
Image fusion
Image retrieval
Super resolution
Visual Cryptography

Pattern Recognition
Voice Recognition
Speech Recognition
Face Recognition
Iris Recognition
Character Recognition
Palm Recognition
Finger Print Recognition
Vein Recognition
Ear Pattern Recognition
DNA Recognition

45

Selection of the subjects in the

course work
(preferably
on advanced
Related
to the one
areasubject
of the Research

maths)

Example:
If the area of research is Image Processing

Computer vision

Pattern Recognition

Image Processing

Statistics and Random Variable

Transform Techniques

Mathematics

46

Reading the books in that subject

http://www.flazx.com/
http://www.ebooks.com/
http://www.faadooengineers.com/content/
http://bookboon.com/en/textbooks
http://www.ebooksdownloadfree.com/
http://www.freeengineeringbooks.com/
47

Implementing the small projects in the area of the work

Mini Projects
UG Projects
PG Thesis
Comparison of techniques in Literature
Understanding the limitations, disadvantages &
advantages
Identifications of new tools

48

COLLECTION OF LITERATURE
(soft copy & Hard copy)

Elsevier , IEEE Xplore, ASME, ASCE, ACM etc., Websites

Published papers in reputed Journals

Published Papers in reputed National & International Conferences

Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC)

Location:
14, Satsang Marg, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi ,
309 Bipin Behari Ganguly, Street, E-block, 2nd Floor, Kolkata,
Indian Institute of Science Campus , Bangalore
Online Journals

Frequent visits to Libraries of higher learning institutes

49

Fundamental Steps

Study of Survey Papers (Historical background)

Attending the conferences

Discussing with other research scholars

Acquaintance with the verbatim of the topic

Applications of the topic selected

User Community
For example: www.watermarkingworld.org

File sharing sites (www.mathworks.com)

FAQ, White papers, Tutorials, and demos

Implementation of Routine and Standard basic Algorithms which are thoroughly

understood

Preferably collect all the research papers available in the area of research, in particular for
the last three years from standard journals

50

SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ENGINEERING

MATLAB (SCILAB)& SIMULINK
LAB VIEW
CADENCE
Ansys software
Studds software
NetSIM
Auto CAD
Octave programming language (very similar to Matlab) with statistical
features
Mathematica

51

Benchmarking the algorithms, database

(speech database, image database, video database )

COREL Database (CBIR applications)

BIT : (http://biometrics.idealtest.org/)
For Iris, Face, Fingerprint, Palm print, Face, Handwriting & Signature,
Multispectral Palm

Video Database:
http://trecvid.nist.gov/
http://trec.nist.gov/
http://www.open-video.org/
http://ivp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/index.shtml

52

IDENTIFY THE PERFORMANCE METRICS

Signal compression
PSNR,
Entropy,
Compression ratio

Watermarking

PSNR
Normalized Cross correlation
Computational complexity
Information hiding capacity

Data Retrieval
Retrieval rate
Retrieval efficiency
Computation time

Image Segmentation
Segmentation accuracy,
Sensitivity
Specificity etc.
53

RESEARCH TOOLS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Optimization Techniques
o
o
o
o
o

Neural Networks
o
o
o
o

Dynamic Programming,
Simulated Annealing,
Genetic algorithm,
Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm
Particle Swarm Optimization

Multi Layer Perceptron

Hopfield Network
Adaptive Resonance Theory
Kohonen Network

Sub band Decomposition Techniques

o
o
o
o
o

Wavelets,
Curvelets,
Contourlets,
S-Transform,
Nonsubsampled Contourlets
54

Support Vector Machines

Fuzzy set Theoretic Techniques

Rough sets/ Fuzzy Rough sets/ Rough Fuzzy sets

Statistical tools, viz., Probability, Random variables, stochastic

process, Moments, Estimation, and Non-parametric statistics, etc.

Mathematical tools, viz., Differential Equations, Partial differential

equations, Calculus, Matrix Algebra, Vector calculus, and
Trigonometry, etc.

Other tools, viz., Graph theory, Data structures, Programming

languages etc.

55

 Implement one of the research paper available and find the

limitations of the paper

Identify the tools/ideas which can solve the research problem

effectively, such that one can improve the performance of the
existing paper

Communicate the research papers only to standard

International Conferences

The same idea with modifications/extensions can be

communicated to Journals
56

 Initially, communicate the research papers to single reviewer

journals

Thoroughly, discuss with various researchers working in the

area of work, without giving your idea
Always speak about limitations and tools

Dedication, Commitment, Perseverance are important for

the execution of the work

Aim for Ph. D., with Quality in the work

57

 Introduction, Literature survey, Three Contributory Chapters

with three publications, Conclusions result the thesis
Avoid the plagiarism
Try to solve the Industry oriented problem, so that it results
Quality work with necessary financial resources
Submit the Project proposals to various funding agencies, such
as DST, UGC, AICTE etc
Develop your own Laboratory for Research activity
Enjoy your research while doing your PhD.
58

OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCH FOR AN INDIVIDUAL

Analytical skills
Logical skills
Presentation skills
Communication skills

59

SPONSORED RESEARCH
Submission of Project proposals to funding
agencies(UGC, AICTE, DST, DBT, DRDO,
etc.,)
Presentation of proposal
Effective utilization of funds
Submission of outcome
60

INDUSTRY ORIENTED RESEARCH

Interaction with industry personnel
Identifying the research problems
Submission of the proposal for sanction of funds
Interacting with experts from higher learning
Institutions
Effective utilization of the outcome
61

PAPERS AND PATENTS

62

STAGES IN PUBLISHING
Choice of a journal
Manuscript preparation and
submission
Review
Manuscript revision
Editorial decision
Copyright form
Proof reading
Publication
63

STAGES IN PATENTING
Approaching an attorney
Manuscript preparation and
submission
Review
Manuscript revision
Decision

64

THE ISSUE OF PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism
Using someone elses research work in the form of
ideas, results or words and passing it off as ones
own work by not giving credit to the original work.
Plagiarism is unethical and incorrect, but is
widespread.
Tools for Plagiarism check
Viper- free download
(http://viper.en.softonic.com/)
Turnitin - to be purchased
(http://turnitin.com/)
65

Important points to be remembered

while writing the thesis
,

etc.,

(End of sentence ... ,etc.)

,viz.,
,i.e.,
But,
All Mathematical equations must be in Italic

66

 While converting .doc to .pdf format, verify

whether all symbols are converted or not
Equations are to be followed by only ellipses . . .
(3 dots-Ellipses) and then equation number.
Comma is to be followed by certain words
(However, Thereafter, Thereby, Wherein, etc.)
All table captions are to be placed at the top of
the table.
All figure captions are to be placed at the bottom
67
of the figures.

 All references are to be mentioned in alphabetic order

(Typical method).
If two authors are there for a paper, then two authors names
are to be separated by and (in references)
If more than two authors are there for a paper, then before
the last authors name comma is to placed and write and
then last author name (in references)
When references are referred in text, Author last name is to
be cited, but not full name followed by [Reference
Number].
When references are referred in text, (Two authors), then last
names of authors are to be cited, but separated by and.
[Reference number] is to be followed by both authors

68

 When references are referred in text, (more than two authors),

then last name of the first author is to be cited followed by et
al. [Reference Number] (If it is end of the sentence), et
al.,
[Reference Number] is to be mentioned if it is in within the
sentence.
Times new Roman (12 font) for text
Side headings (14 font) Times new roman
Main Heading (16 font) Times new roman Bold
Header is to be included for every page as Chapter VI :
Name of the Chapter left top of the page

69

flush with right margin

Page no. is to be excluded on the page where chapter
begins

Citation of any work referred is very important, which

may include
Annexures should be given only at the end of the
thesis
Line spacing is double space

70

 When you write the contents, List of symbols, List of

Abbreviations, List of Figures, List of Tables are to be
given page numbers in roman numbers (i, ii, iii, etc.).
Subsequently, the numbering may be given as (1, 2,
3, etc.)
Abstract is to be preceded by Contents
Authors publications are to be given in References
also
Authors publications are to reviewed in Literature
survey also
71

Title cover

Certificate

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Contents

list of abbreviations

List of figures

List of symbols

List of tables

Chapter 1(Introduction),

Chapter 2 (Literature survey but with some name of chapter,

followed by

do not give the chapter name as Literature survey)

o

Chapter 3,

Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 (Contributory

chapters),
Chapter 6 (conclusions and Future directions)
o

References

Annexures

List of Authors publications referred in Thesis,

Publications (Main)

Brief bio-data of one page with address, mobile no. and E-mail

72

I, We, me, us should not be used(Passive voice is to

be used for writing the thesis)
Chapter 6 presents the conclusions and future
directions is not correct, Concluding remarks and
Future directions are given in Chapter 6 is correct,
follow the same procedure for the other chapters
also, while writing the organization of the thesis in
the first chapter or in any other chapter.
1.5 (left margin),
1 (Right, top, and bottom
margins), then print out may be taken

73

100 GSM paper may be used for taking the

print out

Do not start the sentence with word To,

but start with In order to

Latest references are to be given and the

details are presented in text also
74

When you write the thesis, redundancy is to be

avoided.
For example, it should not be written as follows.
The steps of the algorithms are as follows.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
It should be written as follows
The steps of the algorithm are as follows
1.
2.
3.
75

 Abbreviations may be mentioned in the text. However,

abbreviations should
not be mentioned, where it appears
first time.
For example, Support Vector Machine (SVM), should be
mentioned, when it is
mentioned first time. Subsequently, SVM is to be mentioned.
Dr. / Ms. / Prof. should not precede the name of the author in
research paper or in references of the research paper / thesis

Research paper should be authored by research scholar,

supervisor, and cosupervisor. If other experts help in the work, then the
research scholar may
acknowledge his help at the end of the research paper, but
should not include
as new author.
76

77

Thank you

Thank You
78