Dynamics Outline

PARTICLE

KINEMATICS

SYSTEM OF
PARTICLES

RIGID BODIES

Chapter 15

Chapter 11
Chapter 14

KINETICS

Chapter 12,13

Chapter 16,17

Kinematics: study of the motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration,

& time) without referring to the cause of motion (i.e. regardless of
forces).
Kinetics: study of the forces acting on a body, and the resulting motion
caused by the given forces.
Particle: a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a
particle is a body whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so
that we may analyze it as a mass concentrated at a point
Rigid Bodies: a particular system of particles which does not deform,
non deformable

Introduction
Dynamics includes:
Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion.
Relates displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time without reference
to the cause of motion.
Fthrust

Fdrag
Flift

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Kinetics: study of the relations existing between the forces acting on

a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. Kinetics is
used to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine the
forces required to produce a given motion.

Introduction
Particle kinetics includes:
Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a
particle as it moves along a straight line.

Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a

particle as it moves along a curved line in two or three
dimensions.
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Uniform Rectilinear Motion

During free-fall, a parachutist
reaches terminal velocity when
her weight equals the drag
force. If motion is in a straight
line, this is uniform rectilinear
motion.

For a particle in uniform

rectilinear motion, the
acceleration is zero and
the velocity is constant.

dx
v constant
dt
x

x0

dx v dt

x x0 vt
x x0 vt
Careful these only apply to
uniform rectilinear motion!
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Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear

Motion
If forces applied to a body
are constant (and in a
constant direction), then
you have uniformly
accelerated rectilinear
motion.

Another example is freefall when drag is negligible

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Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

For a particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, the
acceleration of the particle is constant. You may recognize these
constant acceleration equations from your physics courses.

dv
a constant
dt
dx
v0 at
dt

dv a dt

v0

x0

v v0 at

dx v0 at dt

dv
v
a constant
dx

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x x0 v0t 12 at 2

v0

x0

v dv a dx

v 2 v02 2a x x0

Careful these only apply to uniformly

accelerated rectilinear motion!

PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectile motion is a special case of two-dimensional motion.
A particle moving in a vertical plane with an initial velocity and
experiencing a free-fall (downward) acceleration, displays
projectile motion. Some examples of projectile motion are the
motion of a ball after being hit/thrown, the motion of a bullet
after being fired and the motion of a person jumping off a
diving board.

PROJECTILE
MOTION
motion of a projectile,
a x x 0

a y y g

a z z 0

with initial conditions,

vx 0 , v y , vz 0 0
x0 y 0 z 0 0

Integrating twice yields

vx vx 0
x vx 0 t

0 gt
y v y y 12 gt 2
0

vy vy

vz 0
z0

Motion in horizontal direction is uniform.

Motion in vertical direction is uniformly accelerated.
Motion of projectile could be replaced by two
independent rectilinear motions.
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Sample SOLUTION:
Problem
Consider the vertical and horizontal
motion separately (they are independent)
Apply equations of motion in y-direction
Apply equations of motion in x-direction

A projectile is fired from the edge

of a 150-m cliff with an initial
velocity of 180 m/s at an angle of
30with the horizontal. Neglecting
air resistance, find (a) the
horizontal distance from the gun to
the point where the projectile
strikes the ground, (b) the greatest
elevation above the ground reached
by11the
- 9 projectile.

Determine time t for projectile to hit the

ground, use this to find the horizontal
distance
Maximum elevation occurs when vy=0

Sample Problem 11.7

Consider the vertical and horizontal
motion separately (they are
independent
(v)o =180 m/s (y)o =150 m
(a)y = - 9.81 m/s2 (a)x = 0 m/s2

Consider the vertical Vertical motion uniform

Horizontal motion uniformly accelerated:

Choose positive x to the right as shown

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Sample Problem 11.7

SOLUTION:
Horizontal distance
Projectile strikes the ground at:
Substitute into equation (1) above
Solving for t, we take the positive root

Substitute t into equation (4)

Maximum elevation occurs when vy=0

Maximum elevation above the ground =

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