PULMONARY

INTRODUCTION
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious
disease that mainly affect the lungs parenchyma.
TB is a contagious bacterial (M. tuberculosis)
infection that mainly affects the lungs
parenchyma, but may spread to other organs.
TB is an ancient disease. Signs of skeletal TB
(pott disease) were evident in Europe from
Neolithic times, ancient egypt, and in the preColumbian New World.
Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness as
phthisis reflecting its wasting character.

TB has remained an enemy of human society

for all age.
TB is not only a problem for the person
suffering from it or their families but a public
health problem of the entire world.

DISEASE CLASSIFICATION
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE

It is a Chronic specific
Inflammatory infectious
Disease caused by
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
In human.
Usually attacks the lungs but
It can also effect any part of
The body.

ETIOLOGY
TB is caused by the bacteria M.
tuberculosis (most common cause).
Other than tuberculosis includes;
M. avium intracellulare
M. kansasi
M. scrofulaceuru
M. ulcerans
M. marinum and etc.

It also caused by breathing in

air droplets from a cough or
sneeze of an infected person
this is called Primary TB.
Risk factors of tuberculosis is;
Elderly
Infants
Low socioeconomic status
Crowded living conditions
Disease that weakens
immune system like HIV
Alcoholism
Recent Tubercular infection
(within last 2 years) and
ect.

TB spread from person to person by airborne

transmission. Infected person release droplet
nuclei (1-5 micro meter in diameter) through,
Talking
Coughing
Sneezing
Laughing
Singing

If not treated properly, TB can be fatal.

PATHOGENESIS
Susceptible
Or
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis

Recovery

Latent
Infection
Reactivati
on

PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS

Active
tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary
Tuberculosis

Miliary
tuberculosis

MANIFESTATIONSsymptoms
The primary stage of TB usually doesnt cause
symptoms. When symptoms of TB occur, they
may includes;
Fatigue
Fever
Unintentional weight loss

Other symptoms that may occur

with this disease;
Breathing difficulty
Chest pain
Wheezing.

MANIFESTATIONS- signs
Cough up of mucus and blood
Excessive sweating at night.

SIGNIFICANT LAB TEST

Tuberculin skin test (PPD test);

Injecting

a small amount of protein

from tuberculosis bacteria between
the derived layer of the skin (usually
forearm).

Sputum examination and

Cultures;
Is

examined under a microscope to

look for tuberculosis bacteria and used
to grow the bacteria in a culture.

Interferon-gamma Blood test;

A simple blood is mixed with synthetic
proteins similar to those produced by
the tuberculosis bacteria.
If people are infected with tuberculosis
bacteria, their white blood cells
produce certain substances
(interferons) in response to the
synthetic proteins.

IMAGING CONSIDERATION
Chest CT Scan
Chest X-ray

RADIOLOGICAL APPERNCE

Young male
patient with fever
and cough has
focal opacity in the
left lower lobe that
looks like a
pneumonia. This is
a case of primary
tuberculosis in an
adult.

References

www.medicinet.com
www.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.e-radiography.net
www.learningradiology.com