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Introduction
The blue-footed booby has adaptations that make it
suited to its environment. These include
webbed feet,
streamlined shape that minimizes friction when it dives,
and
a large tail that serves as a brake.
Figure 13.0_1
Figure 13.0_2
Darwins Theory
of Evolution
The Evolution of
Populations
Mechanisms of
Microevolution
Figure 13.0_3
DARWINS THEORY
OF EVOLUTION
Figure 13.1A
Figure 13.1B
Figure 13.1C
Darwin in 1840
Great
Britain
Europe
Asia
North
America
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Africa
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Equator
Galpagos
Islands
Pinta
South
America
Marchena
Fernandina
Isabela
0
0
40 km
Pinzn
Equator
Daphne Islands
Santa
Cruz Santa San
Fe Cristobal
Florenza
40 miles
Andes
Genovesa
Santiago
Espaola
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Australia
Cape of
Good Hope
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Cape Horn
Tierra del Fuego
Tasmania
New
Zealand
Figure 13.1C_1
Great
Britain
North
America
Europe
Asia
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Africa
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Equator
Andes
South
America
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Australia
Cape of
Good Hope
Cape Horn
Tasmania
New
Zealand
Figure 13.1C_2
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pinta
Marchena
Genovesa
Santiago
Fernandina
Isabela
0
0
40 km
Pinzn
Galpagos
Islands
Equator
Daphne Islands
Santa
Cruz Santa San
Fe Cristobal
Florenza
40 miles
Espaola
Figure 13.1C_3
Darwin in 1840
Figure 13.1C_4
Figure 13.2
Cabbage
Lateral
buds
Terminal bud
Flowers
and stems
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Stem
Leaves
Kale
Wild mustard
Kohlrabi
Figure 13.2_1
Wild mustard
Figure 13.2_2
Cabbage
Figure 13.2_3
Broccoli
Figure 13.2_4
Kohlrabi
Figure 13.2_5
Kale
Figure 13.2_6
Brussels sprouts
Figure 13.3A
A flower
mantid in
Malaysia
Figure 13.3A_1
Figure 13.3A_2
Figure 13.3B
Pesticide
application
Chromosome with
allele conferring
resistance to pesticide
Survivors
Additional applications of the
same pesticide will be less effective,
and the frequency of resistant
insects in the population will grow.
Figure 13.3B_1
Figure 13.4A
Skull of
Homo erectus
Figure 13.4B
Ammonite casts
Figure 13.4C
Dinosaur tracks
Figure 13.4D
Figure 13.4E
Insect in amber
Figure 13.4F
Ice Man
Figure 13.4G
Figure 13.4H
Pakicetus (terrestrial)
Pelvis and
hind limb
Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Pelvis and
hind limb
Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Figure 13.4H_1
Pakicetus (terrestrial)
Figure 13.4H_2
Pelvis and
hind limb
Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Pelvis and
hind limb
Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Figure 13.5A
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Figure 13.5B
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chick
embryo
Human
embryo
Figure 13.5B_1
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chick
embryo
Figure 13.5B_2
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Human embryo
Figure 13.4H_2
Pelvis and
hind limb
Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Today, biologists
represent these patterns of descent with an
evolutionary tree, but
often turn the trees sideways.
Figure 13.6
Lungfishes
Amnion
Amniotes
Tetrapod
limbs
Mammals
Lizards
and snakes
3
4
Crocodiles
Ostriches
6
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds
Birds
Tetrapods
Amphibians
THE EVOLUTION OF
POPULATIONS
Figure 13.7
Figure 13.8
Figure 13.8_1
Figure 13.8_2
Figure 13.9A
Webbing
No webbing
Figure 13.9B
Phenotypes
Genotypes
WW
Ww
ww
Number of animals
(total 500)
320
160
20
Genotype frequencies
320
0.64
500
160
500
Number of alleles
in gene pool
(total 1,000)
Allele frequencies
640 W
800
1,000
0.32
160 W 160 w
0.8 W
200
1,000
20
500
40 w
0.2 w
0.04
Figure 13.9C
Sperm
p 0.8
q 0.2
WW
Ww
p2 0.64
pq 0.16
wW
ww
p 0.8
Eggs
w
qp 0.16
q2 0.04
q 0.2
Next generation:
Genotype frequencies
Allele frequencies
0.64 WW
0.32 Ww
0.8 W
0.04 ww
0.2 w
Figure 13.10
INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,
MAGNESIUM STEARATE,
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR,
ASPARTAME (SWEETENER),
ARTIFICIAL COLOR
(YELLOW 5 LAKE, BLUE 1
LAKE), ZINC GLUCONATE.
PHENYLKETONURICS:
CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE
MECHANISMS
OF MICROEVOLUTION
Figure 13.11A_s1
Original
population
Figure 13.11A_s2
Original
population
Bottlenecking
event
Figure 13.11A_s3
Original
population
Bottlenecking
event
Surviving
population
Figure 13.11B
Figure 13.12
Frequency of
individuals
Figure 13.13
Original
population
Evolved
Original
population population
Phenotypes
(fur color)
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Figure 13.13
Evolved
Original
population population
Stabilizing selection
Figure 13.13
Phenotypes
(fur color)
Directional selection
Figure 13.13
Disruptive selection
Figure 13.14A
Figure 13.14B
Figure 13.14C
Figure 13.15
Figure 13.16
Left-mouthed
Frequency of
left-mouthed individuals
1.0
Right-mouthed
0.5
1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Sample year
Figure 13.UN01
Heritable variations
in individuals
Observations
Overproduction
of offspring
Inferences
Individuals well-suited to the environment tend to leave more offspring.
and
Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population.
Figure 13.UN02
Allele frequencies
q 1
Genotype frequencies
p2
2pq
Dominant
homozygotes
q2
Heterozygotes
1
Recessive
homozygotes
Figure 13.UN03
Original
Evolved
population population
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Pressure of
natural selection
Disruptive selection
Figure 13.UN04
Microevolution
is the
may result from
change in allele
frequencies in a
population
(a)
(b)
(c)
random
due to
fluctuations movement
more likely in a
of
individuals
or gametes
(d)
may be
result of
(e)
(f)
due
to
(g)
leads
to
adaptive
evolution
of
individuals
best adapted
to environment
Figure 13.UN05