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Transducers
(Part 1)
Review
3 model of Instrument
Model
Block Diagram
Subsystem
Overview
Overview
Process
Control
Terminolo
gy
Intro to
Instrumentat
ion
Applicatio
n
Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram
Overview
Overview
Process
Control
Terminolo
gy
Intro to
Instrumentat
ion
Applicatio
n
Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram
Engineering analysis
Application area:
To validate new design of
structure, component or
system by theoretical and
experimental approach
Overview
Overview
Process
Control
Terminolo
gy
Intro to
Instrumentat
ion
Applicatio
n
Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram
Process Control
Application area:
Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r
Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n
Computer
Science
Finite
state
Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r
Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n
Computer
Science
Finite
state
Definition
Transducer is a device that converts
one type of energy to another.
Energy types include (but are not
limited to) electrical, mechanical,
electromagnetic (including light),
chemical, acoustic or thermal energy.
The term transducer commonly implies
the use of a sensor/detector, any device
which converts energy.
Transducers are widely used in
measuring
instruments.
Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Input
Stress
Heat
Sensing
Eleme
nt Transduction
Sensing Element
The physical quantity or
its
rate of change is
sensed and
responded to by this
part of
the transistor.
Force
Displacement
Pressure
Outpu
t Sound
Magnetic flux
Voltage
Transduction Element
The output of the sensing element
is
passed on to the transduction
element. This element is
responsible
for converting the non-electrical
signal into its proportional
electrical
Definition - Selection
Selection depends on the
physical quantity to be
measured.
Depends on the best
transducer principle for the
given physical input.
Depends on the order of
accuracy to be obtained.
Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r
Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n
Computer
Science
Finite
state
Classification
Classificat
ion
Physical
Mechanic
al
Behaviour
Electrical
Conversio
n
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Classification
Classificat
ion
Physical
Mechanic
al
Behaviour
Electrical
Conversio
n
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Mechanical Transducer
Mechanical elements that are used for
converting one form of energy into other
form.
Example:
Bellow elastic element that converts air
pressure into displacement
Spring expand when force is applied to
them
Diaphragm converts applied pressure to
displacement
Themocouple produce electric current
when heated
Mechanical Transducer
Most of the mechanical transducers are
used as the primary transducers, meaning
the initial input is applied to them, while
the output obtained from them can be
used directly to measure the quantity or
it can be given as input to the secondary
transducer, which are mostly of electrical
type.
Classification
Classificat
ion
Physical
Mechanic
al
Behaviour
Electrical
Conversio
n
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Electrical Transducer
The transducers that convert the mechanical
input signals of the physical quantity into
electrical output signals.
The input given can be in the form of the
displacement, strain, velocity, temperature,
flow etc and the output obtained from them
can be in the form of current, voltage and
change in resistance, inductance and
capacitance.
The output can be measured easily and it is
calibrated against the input, thus
enabling the measurement of the value of the
input.
Classification
Classificati
on
Physical
Behaviour
Sensor
Conversio
n
Actuator
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Classification
Classificati
on
Physical
Behaviour
Sensor
Conversio
n
Actuator
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Sensor
A sensor (also called detector) is a device that
measures a physical quantity and converts
it into a signal which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument.
Ex: a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts
the measured temperature into expansion and
contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube.
Ex: A thermocouple converts temperature to
an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter.
For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated
against known standards.
Classification
Classificati
on
Physical
Behaviour
Sensor
Conversio
n
Actuator
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Actuator
An actuator is a type of motor for moving or
controlling a mechanism or system operated by
a source of energy, usually in the form of an
electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or
pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy
into some kind of motion.
An actuator is the mechanism by which an
agent acts upon an environment. The agent
can be either an artificial intelligent agent or
any other autonomous being (human, other
animal, etc).
Classification
Classificati
on
Physical
Behaviour
Sensor
Conversio
n
Actuator
Active/Pas
sive
Applicatio
n
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Antenna
CRT
Flurescent lamp
Magnetic catridge
Photoresistor
LDR
Hall effect sensor
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
pH probes
Electro-galvanic
fuel cell
Hydrogen sensor
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Electroactive
polymers
Galvanometer
Rotary motor,
linear motor
Vibration powered
generator
Potentiometer
Load cell
Accelerometer
Strain gauge
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Loudspeaker,
earphone
Microphone
Pickup (music
technology)
Tactile transducer
Piezoelectric
crystal
Geophone
Gramophone
pickup
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Laser diode
Light-emitting
diode
Photodiode
Photoresistor
Phototransistor
Photomultiplier
tube
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Electrometer
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
Resistance
temperature
detector (RTD)
Thermocouple
Peltier cooler
Thermistor
Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic
Examples:
GeigerMller
tube
Receiver (radio)
Classification
Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current
Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Resistance Strain Gauge
Resistance Thermometer
Resistance Hygrometer
Hot Wire Meter
Photoconductive Cell
Thermistor
Potentiometer Type
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current
Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Variable Capacitance
Pressure Gauge
Dielectric Gauge
Capacitor Microphone
Inductance variation
Voltage and current
Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Eddy Current Transducer
Variable Reluctance Type
Proximity Inductance Type
Differential Transformer
Magnetostrictive Transducer
Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current
Photo-emissive Cell
Hall Effect
Ionisation Chamber
Active
Examples of active transducers:
Photo-voltaic Cell
Thermopile
Piezoelectric Type
Moving Coil Type
CREDITS
1. Mr. Fazrul Faiz Zakaria (SCCE)
2. Pn. Safizan Shaari (SOME)
3. PM Dr Johari Adnan (FTK)
4. PM Dr Mukhzeer