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EMT478 - INSTRUMENTATION

Transducers
(Part 1)

Review
3 model of Instrument
Model
Block Diagram
Subsystem

Overview
Overview
Process
Control

Terminolo
gy

Intro to
Instrumentat
ion

Applicatio
n

Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram

Overview
Overview
Process
Control

Terminolo
gy

Intro to
Instrumentat
ion

Applicatio
n

Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram

Engineering analysis
Application area:
To validate new design of
structure, component or
system by theoretical and
experimental approach

Overview
Overview
Process
Control

Terminolo
gy

Intro to
Instrumentat
ion

Applicatio
n

Engineeri
ng
Analysis
Block
Diagram

Process Control
Application area:

Monitoring process: provide


real-time data that allows
operator to respond
Automatic process: provide
real-time data as feedback to
control system

Motivation & Definition


The word 'sensor' is derived
from the meaning 'to perceive'
and 'transducer' means 'to
lead across ; device that
detects a change in a physical
stimulus and turns it into a signal
which can be measured or
recorded.

Motivation & Definition


Definition of 'transducer' is 'a
device that transfers power from one
system to another in the same or in
the different form'.
A sensible distinction is to use
'sensor' for the sensing element
itself and 'transducer for the
sensing element plus any associated
circuitry.
All transducers would thus contain a
sensor and most (though not all)

Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r

Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n

Computer
Science

Finite
state

Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r

Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n

Computer
Science

Finite
state

Definition
Transducer is a device that converts
one type of energy to another.
Energy types include (but are not
limited to) electrical, mechanical,
electromagnetic (including light),
chemical, acoustic or thermal energy.
The term transducer commonly implies
the use of a sensor/detector, any device
which converts energy.
Transducers are widely used in
measuring
instruments.

Definition - Block Diagram

Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Input
Stress
Heat

Sensing
Eleme
nt Transduction

Sensing Element
The physical quantity or
its
rate of change is
sensed and
responded to by this
part of
the transistor.

Force
Displacement
Pressure
Outpu
t Sound
Magnetic flux
Voltage

Transduction Element
The output of the sensing element
is
passed on to the transduction
element. This element is
responsible
for converting the non-electrical
signal into its proportional
electrical

Definition - Selection
Selection depends on the
physical quantity to be
measured.
Depends on the best
transducer principle for the
given physical input.
Depends on the order of
accuracy to be obtained.

Transducer
Definition
Physics
Transduce
r

Classificat
ion
Applicatio
n

Computer
Science

Finite
state

Classification
Classificat
ion

Physical

Mechanic
al

Behaviour

Electrical

Conversio
n

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Classification
Classificat
ion

Physical

Mechanic
al

Behaviour

Electrical

Conversio
n

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Mechanical Transducer
Mechanical elements that are used for
converting one form of energy into other
form.
Example:
Bellow elastic element that converts air
pressure into displacement
Spring expand when force is applied to
them
Diaphragm converts applied pressure to
displacement
Themocouple produce electric current
when heated

Mechanical Transducer
Most of the mechanical transducers are
used as the primary transducers, meaning
the initial input is applied to them, while
the output obtained from them can be
used directly to measure the quantity or
it can be given as input to the secondary
transducer, which are mostly of electrical
type.

Classification
Classificat
ion

Physical

Mechanic
al

Behaviour

Electrical

Conversio
n

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Electrical Transducer
The transducers that convert the mechanical
input signals of the physical quantity into
electrical output signals.
The input given can be in the form of the
displacement, strain, velocity, temperature,
flow etc and the output obtained from them
can be in the form of current, voltage and
change in resistance, inductance and
capacitance.
The output can be measured easily and it is
calibrated against the input, thus
enabling the measurement of the value of the
input.

Classification
Classificati
on

Physical

Behaviour

Sensor

Conversio
n

Actuator

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Classification
Classificati
on

Physical

Behaviour

Sensor

Conversio
n

Actuator

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Sensor
A sensor (also called detector) is a device that
measures a physical quantity and converts
it into a signal which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument.
Ex: a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts
the measured temperature into expansion and
contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube.
Ex: A thermocouple converts temperature to
an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter.
For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated
against known standards.

Classification
Classificati
on

Physical

Behaviour

Sensor

Conversio
n

Actuator

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Actuator
An actuator is a type of motor for moving or
controlling a mechanism or system operated by
a source of energy, usually in the form of an
electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or
pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy
into some kind of motion.
An actuator is the mechanism by which an
agent acts upon an environment. The agent
can be either an artificial intelligent agent or
any other autonomous being (human, other
animal, etc).

Classification
Classificati
on

Physical

Behaviour

Sensor

Conversio
n

Actuator

Active/Pas
sive

Applicatio
n

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Antenna
CRT
Flurescent lamp
Magnetic catridge
Photoresistor
LDR
Hall effect sensor

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
pH probes
Electro-galvanic
fuel cell
Hydrogen sensor

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Electroactive
polymers
Galvanometer
Rotary motor,
linear motor
Vibration powered
generator
Potentiometer
Load cell
Accelerometer
Strain gauge

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Loudspeaker,
earphone
Microphone
Pickup (music
technology)
Tactile transducer
Piezoelectric
crystal
Geophone
Gramophone
pickup

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Laser diode
Light-emitting
diode
Photodiode
Photoresistor
Phototransistor
Photomultiplier
tube

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Electrometer

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
Resistance
temperature
detector (RTD)
Thermocouple
Peltier cooler
Thermistor

Conversion
Elecromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electroacoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radioacoustic

Examples:
GeigerMller
tube
Receiver (radio)

Classification

Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current

Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Resistance Strain Gauge
Resistance Thermometer
Resistance Hygrometer
Hot Wire Meter
Photoconductive Cell
Thermistor
Potentiometer Type

Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current

Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Variable Capacitance
Pressure Gauge
Dielectric Gauge
Capacitor Microphone

Inductance variation
Voltage and current

Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Eddy Current Transducer
Variable Reluctance Type
Proximity Inductance Type
Differential Transformer
Magnetostrictive Transducer

Voltage and current

Passive
Types of passive transducers:
Resistance variation
Capacitive variation
Inductance variation
Voltage and current
Photo-emissive Cell
Hall Effect
Ionisation Chamber

Active
Examples of active transducers:
Photo-voltaic Cell
Thermopile
Piezoelectric Type
Moving Coil Type

CREDITS
1. Mr. Fazrul Faiz Zakaria (SCCE)
2. Pn. Safizan Shaari (SOME)
3. PM Dr Johari Adnan (FTK)
4. PM Dr Mukhzeer

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