Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stage
Renal
Disease
ETIOLOGY
Various injuries and disease process that may result in kidney
failure were
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Acute Renal Failure
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Obstruction
repeated episodes of Pyelonephritis
Nephrotoxins.
Systemic diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension,
Lupus Erythematous, Sickle Cell Disease and Amyloidosis
may produce chronic kidney disease.
Patients Data
Patients Name: Aling D
Age:
56 years old
Weight
Height 410 ft
Gender: Female
Birth date:
Patients Data
Religion [Domination]: Christian [Roman Catholic]
Civil Status: Married
Educational Attainment:
College graduate
Nursing History
i. Chief complaint
The patient is experiencing epigastric pain.
ii. Present History
The patient experienced chest pain. She also experienced dyspnea
occurring at night, accompanied by bipedal edema. The patient also had cough
and abdominal pain. She took a supplement called Relieve for 23 days to
alleviate the symptoms she felt. She tolerated the symptoms until she had
onset of epigastric pain. She had her check-up on UM Multitest. Along with
her laboratory results, she was diagnosed with End Stage Renal Disease.
However, she was not admitted by then. She sought medical attention when
she experienced severe epigastric pain, and thus the admission.
Nursing History
iii. Past History
The patient was born via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. She did
not have any complications nor unusualities when she was delivered. The
patient did not experience any serious illness or accident during her childhood.
But she did experience, having chicken pox when she was a child. Also, she
had only experienced common minor illnesses such as colds, fever, stomach
aches, headaches, and constipation. She drinks over-the-counter drugs like
paracetamol when she experiences fever. According to the patient, she had
been diagnosed with hypertension 20 years ago and diabetes mellitus 15 years
ago. She takes insulin shots for her Diabetes. She verbalized that she did not
have strict compliance to her medications since her condition was not bad
before.
Nursing History
iv. Personal and Social History
- The patient is a non-smoker and occasionally drinks alcohol.
v. OB History
- The patient has 3 children, but one son is already dead due to cardiac arrest.
The son died at the age of 23 who is the middle child. Her eldest son is 31
years old, and her youngest son is 28 years old.
Nursing History
Nursing History
vii. Feeding History
-
Her familys diet is composed of meat, fish and vegetables, however, due
to her hospitalization she has been following a low salt low fat diet. She
also avoids protein-rich foods and foods high in sugar.
PAT H O P H Y S I O LO G Y
Result
Normal Values
Specific
gravity
1.042 (high)
1.010- 1.030
Clinical
Significance
Increased urine
specific gravity may
be due to conditions
such as:
Loss of body
fluids
(dehydration)
Diarrhea that
causes
dehydration
Heart failure
Sugar (glucose)
in the urine
Syndrome of
inappropriate
antidiuretic
hormone
secretion
(SIADH)
Clinical
Manifestations
Dehydration
Result
Normal Values
Hemoglobin
96 (Low)
Hematocrit
0.27 (Low)
0.36 0.48
RBC count
3.58 (Low)
4.20 6.10
Lymphocyte
37 (High)
20 35
Clinical
Significance
A low hemoglobin is
referred to as
anemia.
A low hematocrit is
referred to as
anemia.
Low RBC may
indicate blood loss,
anemia, hemorrhage,
bone marrow failure,
leukemia, and
malnutrition
Abnormally high
levels of
lymphocytes can be
due to flu, chicken
pox, and some viral
and bacterial
infection.
Clinical
Manifestations
Anemia
Anemia
Anemia
Bacterial infection
Sodium
Creatinine
Result
168 (High)
697.90 (High)
Normal Values
Clinical
Significance
136 155
53 - 115
Clinical
Manifestations
Hypernatremia
- Dehydration
Hypertension
High blood
pressure
Diabetes
Edema
Treatment
Treatment
ESRD may need to be treated with dialysis or kidney transplant.
1) DIALYSIS
Dialysis does some of the job of the kidneys when they stop working
well.
Dialysis can:
) Remove extra salt, water, and waste products so they do not
build up in your body
) Keep safe levels of minerals and vitamins in your body
) Help control blood pressure
) Help the body make red blood cells
Treatment
Two different methods are used
to perform dialysis:
1. Hemodialysis.
-. During hemodialysis, blood is
removed from a vein. It is run
through
filters
in
a
hemodialysis
machine
to
remove waste products. The
blood is then returned from the
machine
to
the
body.
Hemodialysis usually is done
at a dialysis center. The
treatments are done three
times a week, in three- to fourhour sessions.
Treatment
2. Peritoneal dialysis.
During peritoneal
dialysis, sterile fluid is
infused into the abdomen.
Waste products gradually
accumulate in the fluid,
which is drained several
hours
later.
Peritoneal
dialysis is done at home. It
takes
longer
than
hemodialysis and must be
done four to five times a
day. It can be automated to
occur during sleep.
Treatment
2) KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
) Kidney transplants allow
people
with
severe
kidney disease to avoid
or discontinue dialysis. A
kidney
transplant
is
surgery to place a
healthy kidney into a
person
with
kidney
failure. Your doctor will
refer you to a transplant
center.
DRUG STUDY
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INT
PREVENTING INFECTION
Keep your access site clean. If the patient is on
dialysis, they will be instructed on how to keep their
access site clean and look for any signs of infection.
Look for signs of infection. PD patients should look for
damage to or cracks on their catheter. Redness, irritation
or bleeding are indicators of infection. People on
hemodialysis should clean their access site before
treatment.
Wash your hands. Cold and flu germs can be on
doorknobs, sink faucets and newspapers. If you touch
something that someone whos ill has touched, you risk
getting the same infection.
PREVENTING INFECTION
Eat nutritious foods. Consuming adequate amounts of
protein, calories and nutrients build bodys immune
system. If the patient is on dialysis, the renal dietitian
should create an eating plan based on your individual
nutrition needs.