Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CULTURE, SOCIETY,
AND POLITICS
PRESENTED BY: DANDREV J. AUSA
UNIT I
THE ORIGIN AND NATURE
OF THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES:
ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY, AND
POLITICAL SCIENCE
The Historical
background of the
Growth of Social Science
PHILOSOPHY
Science
Humanities
Pure Science
Visual Arts
Applied Science
Performing Arts
Social Science
Religion
Law
Linguistics
History
The Unprecedented
Growth of Science
The Secularization of
Learning and Education
Enlightenment is mans release from his selfincurred tutelage. Tutelage is mans ability to
make use of his understanding without direction
from another. Self incurred is this tutelage when
its case lies not in lack of reason but in lack of
resolution but in lack of resolution and courage to
use it without direction from another.
Sapereuade! Have courage to use your own
reason! that is the motto of enlightenment.
(http://www.allmenderberlin.de/What-is-Enlightenment.pdf, retrieved August 7, 2014)
Auguste Comte
(1798 1857)
a French philosopher and mathematician, is the founding father of
sociology. He coined the term sociology but he originally used
social physics as a term for sociology. Its aim was to discover the
social laws that govern the development of societies.
Comte suggested that there were three stages in the development
of societies, namely, the theological stage, the metaphysical stage,
and the positive stage.
Comtes sociology has always been associated with positivism or
the school of thought that says that science and its method is the
only valid way of knowing things.
Harriet Martineau
(1802 1876)
The founding mother of sociology, an English writer and
reformist. With physical disabilities, Martineau traveled a lot,
especially in the United States, and wrote here travelogues. In her
accounts expressed in How to Observe Morals and Manners
(1838), the deep sociological insights that we now call as
ethnographic narratives are fully expressed. She also wrote on
political economy and was influenced by J.S. Mill, David Ricardo,
and Adam Smith.
Karl Marx
(1818 1883)
the German philosopher and revolutionary. Marx introduced the
materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and
metaphysical (spiritual) explanation for historical development.
Before Marx, scholars explained social change through divine
intervention and the theory of great mean.
Karl Marx
(1818 1883)
Emile Durkheim
(1858 1917)
Emile Durkheim
(1858 1917)
Max Weber
(1864 1920)
Max Weber
(1864 1920)
Anthropology
Anthropology as a scientific
discipline originated from social
philosophy and travelogues of
Western travelers.
It grew out of the encounter of
social scientist with the nonWestern world.
Franz Boas
(1852 1942)
is often considered as the father of modern American
anthropology.
He was the first anthropologist to have rejected the biological
basis of racism or racial discrimination.
He also rejected the popular Western idea of social evolution or
the development of societies from lower to higher forms.
This kind of theory influenced by Darwin was rejected by Boas
in favor of historical particularism.
Franz Boas
(1852 1942)
Political Science
The Colonial
Origin of the Social
Science
Indigenization of Social
Sciences in the Philippines
In the Philippines, social sciences after World War II simply
perpetual colonial knowledge production from American
social sciences.
Many Filipino social scientists such as Virgilio Enriquez, a
psychologist; Zeus Salazar, a historian; and Prospero
Covar, an anthropologist advocated for the indigenization
of social sciences.
Moreover Prospero Covar, a former professor at UP
Diliman, recalled that the clamor for indigenization was
done through Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
that manifested its beginnings in the 1960s when the UP
Community Development Research Council challenged the
applicability of Western concepts, theories and research
tools, and subsequently embarked upon researches on
Filipino concepts and indigenous cultural forms.
Social Sciences in
the Era of
Globalization
Summary