Unit 6

CDMA Technology

Overview
Evolution of CDMA Technology

Typical Components of cdmaOne

network

Access Technologies
Freq

Freq

PN Code

Freq

Time

Time

FDMA

TDMA

Time
CDMA

CDMA Frequency Bands

PCS Band (Band Class 1)
1710-1755 MHz
2110-2155 MHz

Advanced Wireless Services Band (AWS)

MS Transmit Frequency Band
824-849 MHz

BS Transmit Frequency Band

869-894MHz

CDMA IS-95 Architecture

CDMA Channel Concepts

Short and long PN codes -

procedure

Spreading

WALSH CODES
Spread spectrum encoding techniques provides numerous radio channels
occupy in same frequency spectrum.

For this orthogonal Walsh coding (enabling same frequency channels) is use
Even for precise system timing, control and over-head operation.
They are 64-bit codes and their usage in IS-95 system
64 0s and 64 1s. orthogonal to each other. Usually 8-bit signal is created.
W064 have equal No of 1s and 0s.
Walsh encoded signal will appear as broad-band noise CDMA Rx all exist in
a same frequency spectrum.

Forward Logic Channels

Basic spreading used on CDMA forward channels

TIMING OFFSET REUSE PATTERN

144 kbps packet data
1.25 MHz channel

The offset with BS used in CDMA

System must be all time synchronized
On the down link radio channels.

Moving to:
2 Mbps on 10MHz

15

The precise timing synchronization

Is achieved through the use of
The GPS.

15
cdmaOne Cells

CDMA base station timing offset reuse pattern

BASIC SPREADING PROCEDURE IN CDMA forward channels

EX-ORing with particular Walsh code.

Further scrambled into I and Q channels. (This
generates two different PN sequences)
Not orthogonal with each other.
Have cross and auto correlation properties.
Short and Long PN sequence codes actually generated
by LFSRs.
Approx Equal No of 1s and 0s a length of 32,768.
Base band filters up-converts final o/p signal to UHF
bands.

Initial IS-95 CDMA used four different logical

channels:

Pilot channel
Synchronization Channel
Paging Channels
Traffic and Power Control Channels

Pilot Channel:

Generation of the CDMA pilot channel signal

Provides a reference signal for all the SDs within a cell.

The all 0s Walsh codes ( W064) used for initial signal

spreading on sequence of all 0s.

The I and Q signals drive QPSK modulator.

Resulting signal is un-modulated spread spectrum signal.

Short PN sequence is used to identify the Base station.

4-6 dB stronger than any other channel ( transmitted

power)

Synchronization Channel:

Generation of the CDMA synchronization channel signal

 Initial time synchronization.

Here Walsh code W3264 ( 32 0s and 32 1s) is used to
spread the synchronization channel signal.
Even Synchronization channel message is also uses
(32 0s and 32 1s).
Short PN sequence is with offset and is used for
further spreading.
The synchronization message is about 1200 bps.
The sync message undergoing convolution encoding,
symbol repetition and Block inter-leaving by raising
the rate to 4.6 kbps.
Sync message includes system and Network
identification codes, paging channeldata rates, offset
values short PN spreading rate. ( Fixed o/p power)

Paging Channels:

Generation of the CDMA paging channel signal

 Same function as paging channel in GSM.

Used to page the SDs when there is a mobile-terminated call

and sends control messages to the SDs.
This is mainly used for call set-up.
In IS-95, there are as many as 7 paging channels is in
operation at one time.
WI64 to W764 are used for this purpose.
Additional Scrambling operation using long PN sequence.
Generated by 42 bit LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Register)
yielding repeating sequences (2 42 ).

Traffic/Power Control Channels

Generation of the CDMA forward traffic/power control channel for 9.6-kbps

Generation of the CDMA forward traffic/power control channel for 14.4-kbps

Traffic channels carry actual information ( Digitally encoded

voice or data)
Different rate sets Rate set 1 9.6 kbps (max) to
4.8,2.4,1.2 kbps.
RS2- 14.4, 7.2, 3.6 , 1.8 kbps.
Symbol repetition block Data rate is doubled.
The puncture function block selects 4 out of 6 bits
offered and reduces the data rates to 19.2 kbps ( actually
from repetition 14.4 X 2= 28.8 kbps)
Then block interleaver prevents errors spreading.
Further scrambling with long and short PN sequences
before transmission.
Power control information is used to set the output power of
the mobile on the reverse link and is multiplexed with the
scrambled voice bits at a rate of 800 bps.

Reverse Logic Channels

Access Channels

Generation of the CDMA reverse access channel

Access channels processing for IS-95 CDMA System.

Access message raises the data up to 28.8 kbps.
The orthogonal modulation sub-system processes the signal by
encoding every 6 bits into 64 bits Walsh codes.
The data rates increases upto 307.2 kcps.
cps standard notation within CDMA industry when referring signal
spreading process.
Long PN sequence spreads signal by a factor 4 that yields a chip rate
of 1.2888 mcps.
The form of modulation is UHF pass band signal slightly different
than for forward channels. (OQPSK is used instead of straightforward
QPSK).
A delay block of of PN chip (406.9 ns) used in the Q path to
implement OQPSK

Traffic/Power Control Channels:

Generation of the CDMA reverse access channel

Supports both voice and data at the two rate sets (RS1
and RS2)
In both cases, the data rate at the input to the
orthogonal modulator subsystem will be 28.8 kbps.
Output process rate will be 307.2 kcps.
The signal is processed by data burst randomizer that in
essence to eliminate
redundant data.
The signal is then spread by long PN sequence code
and further scrambled by
short PN sequence.

CDMA frame format

same as GSM 20 ms duration.
Rate Set 2 (14.4 kbps)
267 information bits, 12 CRC bits
and 9 Tail bits

varying Number of information bits.

16 forward traffic channels ( 1.25 ms power control groups randomly inserted
Power control signal is 800 bps.

DMA forward synchronization (Sync) channel provides system configuration and

ing information.
nc channel frames of 32 bits each. ( One SOM (Start of Message) bit
d 31 data bits-set to 1 in the First frame and 0 in subsequent frames of the same
essage. Also SCI- Synchronized capsule Indicator)
e paging channel is formatted 80 ms ( Four frames 20 X 4 )
ging slots of 8 half frames of 10ms duration.
ging channel structure is also formatted into paging slot cycles, provides increas
ttery life.
ngth of the paging channel Min of 16 slots (1.28 s) to 2048 slots.
Ss ESN will determines correct slots

Reverse channel frame formats

Burst transmission

ogically traffic channel channel is also divided into 20-ms traffic channel frames.
sed by MS to communicate with the BS.
hort message exchanges, call origination requests, responds to commands from

CDMA System (Layer 3) Operations

Initialization/registration

Frequency re-use factor is N=1.

Ability to perform in short hand-offs.
MS always operates with low battery power.
MS initialization is for attached / Detached state.
Requirements are given in state diagram.

CDMA MS call processing states

Power up state turn ON. Then acquiring pilot and sync channels.
The three states are idle state , system access state or traffic channel state.

System Access Flow Chart

Priority Access and Channel

Assignment

CDMA MS control on the traffic channel flow chart

Different Types Of Registration

OWER UP Different band classes or PCS frequency blocks in alternative

rating modes, or analog and CDMA operations.

OWER-DOWN registers and powers off with previously serving station.

mer Based- various timers expires. The process forces the MS to register at
lar intervals.

stance- based :- Distance between current serving BS and Base station where
it last registered exceeds certain threshold. MS calculates this
distance by using the latitude and longitude values for the BSs.

one Based :- MS registers when it enters into new Zone. First five modes are
called as autonomous registration and enabled by roaming status.

rameter-change : considers some specific parameters stored in memory of MS

when enters to new zone.

dered :- Issue of ordered message ( requested by the BS)

mplicit :- page response message and origination message.

9. Traffic channel BS registration message for a MS assigned to traffic channel

10. User Zone MS selects active user zone.

Call establishment
1.Initialization state- MS searches pilot channel by aligning its short
its short PN sequence with short PN code received. Valid sync code
initialize MS. W3264 Walsh switching is done.
2. Idle state MS is waiting to receive calls or data messages or
ready to originate calls. Support for subscriber connectivity and
Mobility. Continually monitoring radio channel quality. Getting all
access parameters, it goes to SLEEP mode to conserve MS battery
Power.
3. Access state The CDMA mobile will enter the access state when
It receives a mobile directed message requiring an
acknowledgement. It originates a call or required to perform
registration. Ms will randomly attempt to access the system. MS
receives a response from the BS on the paging channel. Collision
Avoidance is necessary for successful system access.

Access channel probing

MS sending a series
Of sequences of
Access probes of
Increasing power
Levels.
Repeated transmission
Ack over paging channel.
For MSs access attempt
Is un-successful, then
Further additional
Attempts with probe
Sequences is tried out.

Transmission of a series of access probe sequences is known as an access attemp

Each access probe consists of an access channel preamble ( 1-16 frames of 0s).
Three to 10 frames ( Access channel message capsule)
This yields 4-26 number of 20 ms frames.
Two types of access messages 1. Response message 2. Request message

Traffic state
Call origination.
Information Either voice or Data.
MS transmits voice and signaling information on the FTC.
Blank end-burst signaling replaces 1.25 ms of speech data with signaling
message bursts.
dim-end-burst inserts signaling messages when speech activity is low.

Mobile-originated call

If the access is successful, then

FTC corresponds to particular
Walsh code.
Preamble information sent by MS.
Paging channel information is sent
By MS.

Mobile-terminated call
BS sends a message to the MS on the paging
Channel.
If it attached to the system, MS sends ACK
On access channel.
MS configures itself.

Call handoff

Hand-off can occur in 1. IDLE 2. ACCESS 3. TRAFFIC cases

Depends on MSs present state.
MS is reporting RSS.
Advantage of CDMA Supporting both voice and high speed data
Signal strength of a cell or sector is considered.

Idle handoff
stronger PgC with RSS measurements.

Access handoff
Access hand-off occurs, before the MS begins sending access probes.

Probe ACK is also receieved

Soft handoff
Soft, softer, and softsofter handoff

. Soft hand-off MS able to communicate with several sectors

of the current cells simultaneously. ( over FTC)

. Soft hand off - MS with only 2 sectors of a same cell.

Hard handoff

Inter-carrier hand-off causes radio link to be abruptly interrupted for a short

riod while the base and MS switch from one carrier freq to another.

ere are two basic types of inter-carrier handoffs

Hand-down hard hand over due to two different carriers within a same cell.
Hard hand-off - hard hand over due to two different carriers within a different ce
Due to inter-carrier handoff

Due to disjointed regions

Border and transition cells