FATS

Provide energy for our body.

Help our body absorb certain
vitamins
Needed to build cell membranes &
produce hormones

FATS

Esters
Oils :
Fats :
Found in plants
Found in animals
liquid at room temp.
Solids at room temp.
Melting point less than Melting point more
200C
than 200C
example:
example :
Palm oil, coconut oil,
Butter and tallow
olive oil
Soybean oil, corn oil.

Oils and fats are ester formed from

carboxylic acids and an alcohol
Glycerol + carboxylic acid
hydrolysis
fats /oils
Alcohol
Fatty acids
3 groups of -OH
Very long chain of C
Propan-1,2,3-triol atoms (10-20).

GENERAL CHEMICAL
EQUATION:

CH2OH
CHOH

R1COOH
R2COOH

R3COOH
CH2OH
GycerolCarboxylic acid

O
II
CH2 - O -C - R1
O
II
3
H
O
CH - O -C - R+
2
2

O
II
CH2 - O -C - R3
Triesters/triglycerid

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS / FATTY ACIDS

SATURATED

Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Consists only single
bonds
Melting points :
more than 20oC

UNSATURATED

Oleic acid
Linolenic acid
Consists double
bonds
Melting points :
less than 20oC

SATURATED

Esters of glycerol
& saturated fatty
acids - saturated
fats
Example:
animal fats
Have high melting
points and solid or
semi-solid at room
temp.

UNSATURATED

Esters of glycerol
& unsaturated
fatty acids unsaturated fats
Example:
plants or
vegetable oils
Have low melting
points and liquids
at room temp.

HYDROGENATION

Unsaturated fats
saturated fats
Bubbling H 2 gas through hot liquid oil in
presence of nickel at 150 - 200 oC, 4 atm
As more double bonds get hydrogenated,
the Relative Molecular Mass of oil molecules
increases.
Intermolecular forces increases,
more energy needed
to overcome them, boiling point increases,
Physical states change from liquid to solid
Palm oil +

H2

Ni
200 oC, 4 atm

fats
(solid)

INDUSTRIAL EXTRACTION
OF PALM OIL

CROSS SECTION OF PALM OIL

Pulp
Shell

Kerne
l

EXTRACTION OF PALM OIL

STERILISER
The fresh fruit bunches are sterilised in
large pressure vessel at 140oC for
60-90 minutes
Hot steam - kills fungus & bacteria, that
damage the oil palm fruits

STRIPPER
Stripping the fruits from bunches

DIGESTER

Carried out in steam heated vessels called

digesters
When the palm oil fruits are vigorously
rotated in hot steam, breaking down oilbearing cells
Pulp and kernel - separated

EXTRACTION OF PULP

EXTRACTION OF KERNEL

EXTRACTION OF PULP
HYDRAULIC PROCESS
Pressing out the oil
Produce : mixture of oil +water + coarse fiber
CLARIFIER
Separating the oil from water
FILTER
Removing the coarse fiber.
PURIFIER
Purifying the oil.
VACUUM DRYER
Drying the oil.

PALM OIL

EXTRACTION OF KERNAL
The shell that consist of kernel - steam
at high pressure. Then cooled it , easy to
separate the kernel from its shells.
Dry out the kernel
NUT CRACKER
Extracting oil from palm nuts

PALM KERNEL OIL

PALM OIL IN FOOD PRODUCTION

1.

2.

3.

Easily processed and

refined into various grades of
different properties.
Suitable for manufacture
variety of food and non-food
products
Less expensive than other
oils such as groundnut oil,
corn oil and sunflower oil.

ADVANTAGES
Source

of vitamin E

(powerful antioxidant - can delay ageing)

and vitamin A (beta-carotene strengthen
immune system)

cholesterol free
Stability ( resistant to oxidation)

IMPORTANCE OF OIL PALM INDUSTRIES

Employment opportunities

Foreign exchange

Cheap source of food calorie

NATURAL POLYMERS
POLYMERS
Natural

Synthetic

DNA, proteins,
poly(ethene),nylon ,
Cellulose, starches
Polystyrene and
and natural rubber
polyesters

NATURAL RUBBER
MONOMER :

Isoprene.
IUPAC :

2-methylbut-1,3-diene

Addition polymerisation :

thousands of isoprene units

together to form poly(isoprene) or
natural rubber.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF NATURAL

RUBBER

Addition

CH3

CH3

polymerisation

CH3

Poly(isoprene) - natural rubber

COAGULATION PROCESS OF LATEX

Latex: milky fluid obtained from rubber trees
consists of an aqueous suspension of
colloid rubber particles
Rubber particles : made up of rubber polymers
covered by layer of protein membrane

Rubber Polymer

Protein

Membrane
Negative Charge

-ve charged: Found on the surface of the
membrane. The particles repel each other,
preventing themselves from combining and
coagulating

Effect Of Acids On The Coagulation Of Latex

H+

H+

+
H+
H

H+
H+

+
H
+
H

+
+
H
H

The rubber
polymers
coalesce

Ethanoic Acid + latex

H+ ions from the acid neutralise the negative
charges on the surfaces of the colloidal particles.
Neutral particles collided and break open the
colloidal membrane
Rubber polymers combined form lumps of rubber.
the latex coagulate.

Preventing Latex From Coagulating

Can be prevented by adding Ammonia solution.
alkali - produce OHHydroxide ion neutralise the H+ ions from the
acid produced by the bacterial in the latex
In the presence of alkali, the -ve charges remain on
the rubber particles.
Growth of bacteria is obstructed
Coagulation of latex does not occur

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER

Natural rubber is elastic
Ordinary state, the rubber polymer
chain is folded into a tangled mass
When it is stretched, the chain
straightens out.
Reverts back to tangled state once the
force is released
stretched

released

NATURAL RUBBER IS UNSTABLE TO

HEAT
Warmed above 50oC : soften and become
sticky
Heating above 2000C : it decomposed
When cooled : become hard and brittle behave like plastic
NATURAL RUBBER IS UNSTABLE TO
OXIDATION
Susceptible to oxidation because of the
presence of C=C
Atmospheric oxidation occurs when :
O2 and ozone from air together with
ultraviolet radiation breaks up the
polymer chains

NATURAL RUBBER IS INSOLUBLE IN

WATER
Long hydrocarbon chain of natural rubber
cannot dissolve in water.
Soluble in organic solvents.
example : benzene, petrol,
carbon disulphide and
chlorohydrocarbons.

USES OF NATURAL RUBBER :

Uses of natural rubber are limited to
making :

Mixtures of latex cement &

rubberized bitumen for tarring roads.
Insulators for electrical appliances
and cables.
Friction enhancers such as shoe
soles and door stopper.
Rubber hoses, rubber caps and
rubber bands
Gloves.

COAGULATION
S
Addethanoicacid

RUBBER
PREVENTION

Naturally,
reactionsof
bacteriatoward
protein
membrane
producelactic
acid

AddAmmonia
Solution
UNVULCANISE
D
VULCANISED

Natural rubber is processed

to become vulcanised
rubber - has better
properties - more elastics
and more stable to heat and
oxidation
Vulcanised rubber :
used to make tyres, gloves
and tubing

to this
From this

Comparison between
vulcanized and
unvulcanized rubber

Unvulcanized
Rubber

Vulcanized
Rubber

Less elastic More elastic

Less strong Stronger and
and softer
harder
Poor heat
More heat
resistant
resistant

Vulcanization of Rubber

Vulcanization :

Process of hardening rubber by

heating it with sulphur or sulphur
compounds
Discover by Charles Goodyear in 1839

In the process :

Sulphur atoms are added to double

bonds in the natural rubber molecule
to form
disulphide linkages (C-S-S-C-)
between the long polymers chains.

Properties of Vulcanised Rubber

When the vulcanised rubber is stretched ,
the sulphur cross-links prevent the
polymer chains from slipping past one
another vulcanised rubber is stronger
than natural rubber
When a streched vulcanised rubber is
released ,
The cross-links pull the chain back to their
original arrangement. Vulcanised rubber is
more elastic than natural rubber.

The presence of sulphur,

increases the Relative Molecular
Mass of rubber
When the molecular size increases,
the van der Waals forces
between the molecules increases
The melting point of rubber increases.
Therefore, vulcanized
rubber more resistant to heat.

The formation of sulphur crosslinks reduces the no. of C-C

Double bonds in the molecules
Vulcanized rubber is more resistant
to O2 in the air, ozone, sunlight and
other chemicals.

The greater amount of sulphur

added, the greater number of
sulphide (-S-S-)
cross-links formed.

This make the vulcanized

rubber :
Stronger and harder.
More difficult to stretch
More elastic