H. V. A. C.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems

Heating, Ventilating, and Air

Conditioning Systems

-simultaneously control the temperature, humidity,

purity, distribution, and motion of the air in the interior
spaces

AIR-WATER HVAC SYSTEMS

The air treatment and refrigeration
source may be separated from the
served spaces
Air may be returned to the central
unit or exhausted directly.

Induction systems use high-velocity

ducts to supply conditioned air from a
central plant to each zone or space

Radiant panel systems provide heating or

cooling from radiant panels in the wall
or ceiling, while a constant-volume air
supply provides ventilation and humidity
control

PACKAGED HVAC SYSTEMS

Self-contained, weatherproof units incorporating a
fan, filters, compressor,
condenser, and
evaporator coils for
cooling
The unit can operate as a
heat pump or contain
auxiliary heating elements
Powered by electricity or a
combination of electricity
and gas
Rooftop packaged
units may be placed
at intervals to serve
long buildings
Packaged systems
with vertical shafts
that connect to
horizontal branch
ducts can serve

May be mounted as a
single piece of
equipment on the roof
or on a concrete pad
alongside an exterior
wall of a building
Split-packaged
systems consist of an
outdoor unit
incorporating the
compressor and
condenser and an
indoor unit that
contains the cooling
and heating coils and
the circulating fan.
Insulated tubing and
control wiring connect

TYPICAL SPACE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
HVAC SYSTEMS
Can be estimated as a
percentage of gross floor
area
The gross area of the
entire building can be
used to estimate the size
of equipment rooms as
well as the gross area
served for the duct space.

Gross building area

Equipment room as a
percentage of gross building
area

HVAC System
Equipment Room
Air Handling %
*

Refrigeration %
*

Vertical Risers
*

Horizontal Runs
*

Conventional: Low Velocity

2.2-3.5

0.2-1.0

0.7-0.9

Conventional: High Velocity

2.0-3.3

0.2-1.0

0.4-0.5

Terminal Reheat: Hot Water

2.0-3.3

0.2-1.0

0.4-0.5

Terminal Reheat: Electric

2.0-3.3

0.2-1.0

0.4-0.5

Variable-Air-Volume

0.2-1.0

0.1-0.2

Multi-Zone

0.2-1.0

0.7-0.9

Dual Duct

2.2-3.5

0.2-1.0

0.6-0.8

All-Air Induction

2.0-3.3

0.2-1.0

0.4-0.5

Air-Water Induction: 2 Pipe

0.5-1.5

0.2-1.0

0.25-0.35

Air-Water Induction: 4 Pipe

0.5-1.5

0.2-1.0

0.3-0.4

Fan Coil Units: 2 Pipe

--

0.2-1.0

--

--

Fan Coil Units: 4 Pipe

--

0.2-1.0

--

--

PLUMBING CHASES
Provide the space necessary
for the water supply and
sanitary sewage lines in a
building.
Almost invariably associated
with lavatories, kitchens, and
laboratories
Conflicts between a building
structure and plumbing lines
can be avoided by restricting
supply and drainage piping to
vertical plumbing chases
It is desirable to arrange the
plumbing waste and vent
stacks in a vertical chase
extending through all of the
floors of multistory buildings
Locate rooms that require
plumbing above one another
Horizontal sanitary sewage
and stormwater lines must be
sloped to drain

Plumbing chases
provide easier access
for maintenance
Plumbing or wet walls
behind fixtures should
be deep enough tp
accommodate branch
lines,
12 (305) wide
forfixture
single-runouts,
and air
chambers
loaded plumbing
walls
18 (455) wide for doubleloaded plumbing walls

FAN ROOMS
More efficient to locate a fan room in a
central location to reduce length of air
supply ducts
If not located in the center, fan rooms
can be located anywhere that provides
an outside air source and exhaust.
In large buildings, it may be
economical to use multiple fan rooms
for different zones of service
Air handlers are limited in forcing air
up or down through a maximum of
10 to 15 floors.
Multiple fan rooms are required for
taller buildings which result to
mechanical floors having a space of
20 to 30 floors apart.
Some tall buildings locate a fan room
on each floor to eliminate the need
for vertical shafts